<p>En este artículo se describe la utilización de los Modelos Jerárquicos Lineales para hallar los determinantes individuales de desempeño en las pruebas de estado para educación media en Colombia, con los datos del año 2009, que son los últimos disponibles públicamente y provistos por el Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior (ICFES).</p><p>Inicialmente se hace la presentación detallada de los datos así como de las exclusiones, consideraciones y justificación del subconjunto de datos finalmente procesados. Posteriormente se expone brevemente el marco teórico de los Modelos Jerárquicos Lineales, así como su aplicación concreta en la investigación de los determinantes de desempeño en las pruebas de estado. El análisis de los resultados permite concluir que existe una relación directa entre algunas características no académicas del estudiante y las competencias evaluadas en la prueba de estado al finalizar su formación media y que dichas características (sociales y económicas) difieren notoriamente entre colegios públicos y privados, y entre jornadas diurnas ordinarias y otras jornadas.</p>
North Kuwait has planned EOR activities to boost ultimate recoveries in multiple reservoirs. The reservoir with the highest priority on the EOR activity Gantt chart is Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) flood for Sabiriyah Mauddud due to significant incremental recovery estimated based on past SWCT tests. Prior to the initiation of ASP injection, slated pilot area is under intensive plumbing for insights into the inter-well connectivity. The paper proposal aims to share the actions taken up, analysis done and tracking of dynamic data for the area located within & adjacent to the EOR pilot area. Data acquisition for the pilot area wells (4 injectors; 2 observation wells & 1 producer) has been done in two phases — (a) during the drilling of the wells, cores/ RFT pressures/ Log suites/ PVT samples have been taken and (b) during the injection of sea water into the EOR pilot injectors, time lapse pressure-production data/ surveillance information & tracer sampling/ analysis have been done to understand the inter-well connectivity; flag the uncertainties and de-risk the EOR pilot as a preparatory background for studies & ASP injection. Connectivity between wells within the pilot & surrounding area under active water flood has been established. Pathways for quick fluid/ flux movements have been identified and calibrated with the petrophysical data. Tight zones or compartments within the pilot area have been examined. Uncertainty regarding thief zones within & outside the pilot area has been evaluated. A comprehensive data integration indicates that continuing with ASP injection will be optimal, with minimal losses/ escape to the area outside the 5-spot EOR pattern. De-risking the upcoming ASP injection via proper data acquisition, interpretation & integration during the preliminary water flood flushing stage is one of the best industry practice.
Sabiriyah Mauddud is a giant reservoir in NK under active water flood with about 200 producers and 32 injectors. The reservoir has no aquifer or insignificant energy support and had been on production since 1960s. Water flood started in the year 1997, initially with a pilot and later on expanded to the full field in a phased manner. Initial development was on pattern flood concept with all vertical injectors & producers which has now been replaced with Produce High-Inject Low (PHIL) concept using horizontal wells. In light of the significance of this reservoir for Kuwait's production, all efforts are made to optimize the performance of this reservoir. To achieve this objective, Pressure monitoring & performance analysis is considered to be the backbone of all production as well as injection activities. This paper presents the methodology conceived and implemented to assess the reservoir pressure performance and estimate the current reservoir pressure in different segments/ blocks in an innovative way so as to maximize the value of "Water flooding" in North Kuwait area along with the meeting of production aspirations using ESP as artificial lift system in an optimized manner. Except the RFT data in newly drilled wells, the availability of pressure data was limited during recent past, making it necessary to integrate all the available information so as to build a powerful tool to be used for water flood monitoring. All available information – Repeat Formation Tester "RFT", Static Bottom Hole Pressure "SBHP" and Pump intake pressure "PIP" under dynamic and static conditions, were collected & analyzed. An initial study related to compartmentalization showed two main areas, north and south, based on comprehensive analysis of all the pressure points. The analysis also helped for identifying areas with good vertical connectivity and understanding segments with vertical barriers matching with the geological description. In order to have the latest pressure mapping, data were combined to have an integrated imagery of the pressure distribution across the reservoir. During the exercise, "Gaps" were identified which were filled in by the intake pressure live data as well as shut in data to have a meaningful mimic of the reservoir pressure to help the ongoing production as well as injection activities. Based on the innovative approach as above, surveillance plan has been made to further enhance the quality of the mapping. Several maps such as opportunity map; PVT properties map; layer wise pressure maps etc. have been generated for ready-to-use information to facilitate daily operations. The objective of the paper is to share the innovative, simple, smart and very useful approach adopted by North Kuwait to manage the giant Mauddud. This paper presents the methodology conceived and implemented to assess the reservoir pressure performance and estimate the current reservoir pressure in difference segments/ blocks in an innovative way so as to maximize the value of "Water flooding" in North Kuwait area along with the meeting the production aspirations using ESP as artificial lift system in an optimized manner.
The Greater Burgan field is the largest sandstone reservoir system in the world, and its complexity requires the state of art technology for a sound reservoir management practice. This paper will discuss our methodology to maximize the production plateau length of Burgan field using parallel reservoir simulation, waterflood efficiency algorithm, streamline visualization, and ensemble-based optimization method. With a reservoir dimension longer than 48 km, parallel reservoir simulation becomes necessary for an integrated Burgan field study. Through history matching of 60-year production data, we quantified billions of barrels vertical fluid migration between major reservoir units, and fluid migration is a major concern in making reservoir management decisions. To optimize future development plans, an economic analysis package was developed to evaluate various operating scenarios, and Net Present Value (NPV) is used as an objective function. The scalability data of parallel reservoir simulation are discussed. The waterflood efficiency algorithm was based in injection efficiency or remaining oil recovery, and the input could come from finite-difference simulation, streamline simulation, and field surveillance data. The algorithm utilized the injector-producer connectivity relationship realized from streamline analysis, and it calculated the amount of water injection for each injector in order to achieve maximum sweep efficiency. The alternative method to optimize the waterflood is based on the ensemble method in which hundreds of simulation models with different operating settings are automatically submitted to run. Results of all models are gathered and analyzed by co-variance. A better setting will be proposed for each model and the next batch of simulation is then launched. At the end, all models will converge to an optimized operating setting.
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