Background: Breast cancer is the most common diagnosed cancer in women. Regional assessment of risk factors may help to increase awareness and management of breast cancer. The aim was to evaluate the risk factors of breast cancer among women.Methods: A total of 210 women were included with 42 newly diagnosed breast cancer cases, and 84 women each as hospital and community controls. The data were analyzed using SPSS. Multinomial logistic regression and odd’s ratio was used to find the association of risk factors with breast cancer. The association between the risk factors and breast cancer was analyzed using chi-square test.Results: The most prevalent age-group was 41–50 years. Significant association was observed between breast cancer and area of residence, religion, education, occupation, type of family, socioeconomic status, attainment of menopause, and breastfeeding when compared among cases and community controls (p<0.05). Significant association was observed between breast cancer and education, occupation, socioeconomic status, attainment of menopause, age at first child, breast feeding, and body mass index among cases and hospital controls (p<0.05). The risk of breast cancer was more in illiterates, women who attained menopause, women in joint family, and high socioeconomic class women when compared among cases and hospital controls and community controls.Conclusions: The important risk factors of breast cancer include literacy level, occupation and socioeconomic status, attainment of menopause, and breastfeeding. There is a strong need for general public-awareness policies and programs to reduce the prevalence, risks, morbidity, and mortality.
Background: In India, despite substantial improvements in maternal health over the last decade or so, still condition is even poor in rural areas. As per National health policy 2017, target is to reduce MMR to 100 by 2020 and sustaining antenatal coverage at 100%, institutional delivery 80% and skilled attendance of birth 100% by 2025.The study is conducted with the objective to assess the pattern of maternal health service utilization and to identify the factors affecting it.Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted at field practice area of Rural Health Training Centre, Hind Institute Of Medical Sciences, Sitapur with a sample of 208 women selected using systematic random sampling. SPSS Statistics 20.0 was used for data entry and calculation of statistical tests.Results: ANC utilization was found to be 70.7% whereas minimum recommended ANC visits were 50%. Only 54.8% deliveries were found to be institutional whereas 59.1% women received at least one postnatal check-up in our study. Most common reason for not utilizing ANC, Institutional delivery and PNC services was found to be tradition, availability of trained person and no need respectively. A highly significant association was found between maternal health service utilization and woman’s education, partner’s education, partner’s occupation, birth order and standard of living index (p<0.05).Conclusions: This study established that educating the population, empowering women, promoting maternal health service utilization in multipara’s and improving the socio-economic status of the family would yield greater results in increasing the use of maternal health services.
Background: Leprosy was eliminated at the global level in the year 2000. But regional disparities still exist. Some countries have not attained the elimination status and still reporting a good number of cases. The major burden of new cases was from India, Brazil and Indonesia. Early case detection and treatment is the key to achieve elimination. ASHA workers are involved in this campaign to make it successful. The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge of ASHA functionaries regarding leprosy disease and to analyze the field practices of ASHA functionaries during LCDC activity.Methods: The present study was a community based observational study which was conducted at field practice area of RHTC, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences from 6 November to 19 November 2017. All ASHA functionaries were interviewed using preformed semi-structured questionnaire. Data were stored in Microsoft excel XP and analyzed.Results: None (0%) of ASHA functionaries correctly knew the exact cause of leprosy. Only 10.2% knew mode of transmission, 89.8% knew sign and symptoms, 28.6% knew complications, 12.2% knew prevention of complications, only 10.2% knew exact meaning of MDT. Only 63.3% ASHAs had prior information about orientation training. Out of these only 26.5% completed the practical exercises. Local community remained uninformed about LCDC activity as IEC activities were very poor in all of the centers.Conclusions: In India ASHA workers are the main health functionaries for LCDC activity and in this study, we found that quality of orientation training was substandard as compared to GOI guidelines. So, every effort should be given to make orientation training successful.
Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a dreaded mosquito-borne viral disease, especially in Asian, Western Pacific, and Northern Australia region and a major public health problem in India. In India, State of Uttar Pradesh contributed a large portion of JE cases to the country. Because of its high morbidity and mortality, JE is of particular interest. With the help of specific intervention, we can prevent the morbidity and mortality of JE cases. The objective of the study was to know the seasonal occurrence of JE cases in Uttar Pradesh.Methods: This was a retrospective study based on secondary data, shared by Communicable Disease wing of Swasthya Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (U.P) for the analysis. We used data for the study during the past 7 years (2010–2016). Analysis has been done using Microsoft Excel.Results: In Uttar Pradesh, there were 1322 cases of JE during the year 2010-2016. Peak incidence of JE cases were seen in months of September. An overall decreasing trend with some fluctuation was seen in the occurrence of cases from 2010 to 2016. It was also observed that maximum cases were occurred in monsoon season. Majority of the cases were seen in Gorakhpur district which is located in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh.Conclusions: Majority of the cases of JE were seen in rainy months. Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh has the highest load of JE cases. IEC activities should be carried out to disseminate the information regarding JE among the people for prevention.
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