The higher strength of directly reduced iron (DRI) in pellet form is useful in handling, storing and charging from height without breakage. The DRI pellets commonly exhibit 60 kg cold crushing strength. In this work the effect of reduction temperature, sintering time, quantity/quality of additives and manner of reduction by solid reductant has been studied. The reduced pellet strength could be increased by improving metallic bonds by offering higher reduction temperature (max. 1 250°C) and subsequent sintering. The strength was found to increase by adding slag forming constituents e.g. bentonite. The strength of reductant mixed reduced pellet was observed to be affected by the nature of reductant. The reductant with low bulk density and lower carbon content provided higher voidage rendering lower strength. The cold crushing strength (CCS) of reduced pellets observed in this study ranged from 5 to 200 kg exhibiting ductile to brittle behaviour during deformation.
This paper investigates the surface texture evolution during α−γ−α phase transformation.
After austenite annealing of the cold rolled sheets a weak texture was formed at the surface of ultra
low carbon steel alloyed with Mn and Al. This texture consists of <100>//ND and <110>//ND fiber
orientations with an intensity of approximately 2 X random. This surface texture is confined to a
mono-layer of surface grains which are in direct contact with the metal/vapour interface. In order to
interpret this surface effect, two alternative mechanisms were considered: (i) one assumption
attributes the occurrence of the specific surface texture to the minimization of the outer surface
energy and (ii) according to an alternative hypothesis the release of elastic work parallel to ND in
the surface area is responsible for the observed surface fibers. After analyzing the experimental data
it is concluded that the evidence in support of hypothesis (i) is the more convincing in this
experiment.
The age of the marine Nodular Limestone Formation of the Bagh Group is refined at Substage level through ammonoid and inoceramid index taxa. The study is based on the fresh collections from three welldefined successive intervals (Lower Karondia, Upper Karondia and Chirakhan members) of this formation having excellent exposures in different localities of the Narmada Basin, central India. The first record of the widely distributed Turonian ammonoid genera Spathites Kummel and Decker and Collignoniceras Breistroffer from the Nodular Limestone Formation constrained its age exclusively to Turonian. The Early Turonian species Spathites (Jeanrogericeras) aff. revelieranus (Courtiller) and Mytiloides labiatus (Sclotheim) occur in the lower part, while the Middle Turonian marker Collignoniceras cf. carolinum (d'Obrbigny) and Inoceramus hobetsensis (Nagao and Matsumoto) occurs in the upper part of the Karondia Member. The record of the index species Inoceramus teshioensis (Nagao and Matsumoto) in association with Placenticeras mintoi Vredenburg from Chirakhan Member allows a definite Late Turonian age. The present contribution is an attempt to resolve the controversies in the age of the Nodular Limestone Formation and also demarcation of the three divisions (Early, Middle and Late) of the Turonian Stage in the Narmada Basin, central India.
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