The evolution of microbial resistance necessitates the development of new antimicrobial drugs that are more effective than those currently on the market. To address this problem, we have prepared a series of novel 4‐(biphenyl‐4‐yl)‐1,4‐dihydropyridine and 4‐(biphenyl‐4‐yl)pyridine derivatives via Hantzsch reaction using nine different compounds containing active methylene group. IR, NMR, and mass spectra were used to determine the structures. Using ampicillin and griseofulvin as standards, the titled compounds were investigated for their antibacterial activity against different bacteria and fungi. Compounds 1f, 1g, 2f, and 2g have the best antibacterial activity against Gram‐negative bacteria (minimum inhibitory concentration = 50 μg/ml), while 1f, 1h, 2g, and 2h have high antifungal activity against Candida albicans (minimum inhibitory concentration = 100 μg/ml). To gain a better understanding of the binding process and affinity for the bacterial Staphylococcus epidermidis protein, researchers used molecular docking and molecular mechanics, as well as the generalized Born model and solvent accessibility‐based binding free energy. The active compounds 1g, 1h, and 2f have good docking scores of −5.575, −5.949, and −5.234, respectively, whereas compound 2c has the greatest docking score (−6.23). The HOMO‐LUMO energy gap and molecular electrostatic potential were used to evaluate the reactivity of promising compounds, which were then associated with antibacterial efficacy.

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Microwave-assisted organic reaction enhancement (MORE) has become more important in synthetic organic chemistry for efficient resource utilization. In this study, we synthesized bioactive compounds using both traditional and microwave methods. Microwave-assisted synthesis takes less time and produces higher yields and quality than conventional approaches. We reported the synthesis of N′-(1-(2-(3-(4chlorophenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)yl)ethylidene) substituted hydrazides (4a−t). We also tested them against two strains: M. tuberculosis H 37 Ra and M. bovis BCG. Against M. tuberculosis H 37 Ra, the compounds 4e, 4h, 4k, 4p, and 4s were the most effective. Compounds 4f, 4g, and 4s showed significant activity against M. bovis BCG. The structures of newly synthesized molecules were determined using spectral methods. Furthermore, molecular docking investigations into the active site of mycobacterial InhA yielded well-clustered solutions for these compounds' binding modalities producing a binding affinity in the range of −10.366 to −8.037. Theoretical results were in good accord with the observed experimental values. The docking score of compound 4e was −10.366, and the Glide energy was −66.459 kcal/mol.

As a pharmacologically important heterocycle, oxadiazole paved the way to combat the problem associated with the confluence of many commercially available drugs with different pharmacological profiles. The present review focuses on the potential applications of five-membered heterocyclic oxadiazole derivatives, especially 1,2,4-oxadiazole, 1,2,5-oxadiazole, and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, as therapeutic agents. Designing new hybrid molecules containing the oxadiazole moiety is a better solution for the development of new drug molecules. The designed molecules may accumulate a biological profile better than those of the drugs currently available on the market. The present review will guide the way for researchers in the field of medicinal chemistry to design new biologically active molecules based on the oxadiazole nucleus. Antitubercular, antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, antibacterial, and anticancer activities of various oxadiazoles have been reviewed extensively here.

We have prepared 15 hybrid pyrazole, pyrazoline‐clubbed pyridine–containing compounds (5a‐o) and tested for their antibacterial and antifungal activities for the development of potential antimicrobial agents. The structures of this novel series were characterized by various spectral techniques like IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, LC–MS, and elemental analysis. The synthesized compounds 5d, 5e, 5i, 5k, 5m, and 5o exhibited significant antimicrobial activity in the comparison of standard drugs. Molecular docking studies that have been carried out to emphasize the binding orientations of these molecules were in good compliance with crystal structure interactions. The predicted drug‐likeness (ADME) properties were found to be in the acceptable range.

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Antimicrobial resistance which is increasing at an alarming rate is a severe public health issue worldwide. Hence, the development of novel antibiotics is an urgent need as microbes have developed resistance against available antibiotics. In search of novel antimicrobial agents, a convenient route for the preparation of substituted 3‐(1‐phenyl‐3‐(p‐tolyl)‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐1‐(2‐phenyl‐5‐(pyridin‐3‐yl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazol‐3(2H)‐yl)prop‐2‐en‐1‐ones (6a–6o) has been adopted by using pyridine‐3‐carbohydrazide and various aromatic aldehydes. The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by using various spectral techniques, for example, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and mass spectroscopy. Synthesized hybrids were studied for in vitro antimicrobial potency against various bacterial and fungal strains. Antibacterial results revealed that compounds 6e, 6h, 6i, 6l, and 6m were found to be most active against bacterial strains as they showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 62.5 μg/mL while compounds 6d, 6e, and 6h showed MIC value of 200 μg/mL against Candida albicans. The quantum parameters that relate to the bioavailability of the compounds were computed, followed by docking with different bacterial and fungal targets like sortase A, dihydrofolate reductase, thymidylate kinase, gyrase B, sterol 14‐alpha demethylase. The experimental and computational results are in good agreement.

Antimicrobial resistance is a major threat to mankind. Many frontline medications are ineffective against antimicrobial-resistant strains which are also responsible for the high mortality rate worldwide. The urgency to create new sets of antimicrobial agents is a priority in present circumstances. In continuation to this, we have strategically designed and synthesized some novel hybrids of 4-thiazolidinone bearing coumarin and pyridine cores for the evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy. A three-step multicomponent reaction was performed via imine formation, cyclization, and Knoevenagel condensation for the synthesis of titled compounds (5a-o). The synthesized entities were characterized through different analytical techniques, that is, IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and mass spectra. On evaluating the potency of our synthesized hybrids, we received some promising results. Compound 5m was identified as the most potent component possessing 50 μg/ml (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC] value) against S. aureus and 250 μg/ml (MIC value) against C. albicans strains. Further, a molecular docking study against microbial DNA gyrase was carried out to understand the binding profile of synthesized molecules, which supported their in-vitro antimicrobial activity. These data helped to gain an insight into their plausible mechanism of action. Their binding affinity scores correlated well with the in-vitro antimicrobial activities while their binding modes proposed the involvement of steric, electrostatic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions with the active site.