Reproductive health events have changed fertility and family planning needs, depicting the changing life patterns of women and the population to which they belong. Understanding the pattern at which these events occur helps in understanding the fertility pattern, family formation and the idea about health essential needs for women. This paper attempts to see the variation in reproductive events (first cohabitation, first sex and first birth) over three decades and also to see potential contributing factors among the reproductive age group of women using secondary data from five rounds of the National Family Health Survey (1992-93 to 2020–2021). Cox Proportional Hazard Model illustrates that all regions have initiated cohabitation later than women who belong to the east region similar pattern has been obtained for first sex and first birth. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) depicts the increasing pattern in the predicted mean age at first cohabitation, sex and birth for all demographic characteristics; the highest increment was found in SC women, Uneducated women and Muslim women. Kaplan Meier Curve demonstrates that women with no education, primary or secondary, are shifting towards higher educated women. Though reproductive health has long been an essential event in women's lives, they are still very confined to specific domains. Over time the government has formulated several proper legislative measures relating to various domains of reproductive events. However, given that the large size and heterogeneity in social and cultural norms result in changing ideas and choices regarding the initiation of reproductive events, national policy formulation needs to be improved or amended.
Introduction Reproductive health events have changed fertility and family planning needs, depicting the changing life patterns of women and the population to which they belong. Understanding the pattern at which these events occur helps in understanding the fertility pattern, family formation and the idea about health essential needs for women. This paper attempts to see the variation in reproductive events (first cohabitation, first sex and first birth) over three decades and also to see potential contributing factors among the reproductive age group of women using secondary data from Data Source: All rounds of the National Family Health Survey (1992-93 to 2019–2021) have been utilized. Methods and Results Cox Proportional Hazard Model illustrates that all regions have initiated their first birth later than women who belong to the east region similar pattern has been obtained for first cohabitation and first sex except for the central region. Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA) depicts the increasing pattern in the predicted mean age at first cohabitation, sex and birth for all demographic characteristics; the highest increment was found in SC women, Uneducated women and Muslim women. Kaplan Meier Curve demonstrates that women with no education, primary or secondary education are shifting towards higher educated women. Most importantly, the results of the multivariate decomposition analysis (MDA) revealed that education played the largest contribution among the compositional factors in the overall increase in mean ages at key reproductive events. Conclusions Though reproductive health has long been essential in women’s lives, they are still very confined to specific domains. Over time the government has formulated several proper legislative measures relating to various domains of reproductive events. However, given that the large size and heterogeneity in social and cultural norms result in changing ideas and choices regarding the initiation of reproductive events, national policy formulation needs to be improved or amended.
Background: In India, where most of the population is in the working-age group and as per census 2011, 2.1 % of the total population are disabled, the biggest concern is the onset of different types of disability among the working-age population as it directly affects the nation productivity and economy. This study aims to assess the consequences of disability in terms of loss and change of work experiences by the working-age population and to calculate the disability deprivation index of India and its states.Methods: Multinomial logistic regression has been used to find the impact of the onset of disability on the working-age population. The disability deprivation index has been calculated for Indian states. Results: The overall prevalence of disability is 2.2 %. Persons who worked before the onset of disability, maximum of them losses their work due to the onset of disability. The disability deprivation index shows which state is more deprived. Highest the ranking is the lowest deprivation, Kerala is the lowest deprived state, and Bihar is the highest. Conclusion: There are many facilities provided by government and NGOs for disabled, however the condition of disabled in India is severe since the availability of these facilities is limited to certain proportion of the population, there is requirement to upsurge these services and spread them. The disability deprivation index of majority of states of India lies in category of poor living conditions. The government and NGOs should work in specific direction so that quality of life of person with disability can improve.
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