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This paper reports on a three-dimensional thermal modeling approach for a lithium-ion battery (LIB). The combined effects of the thermal and electrical contact resistances between the current collecting tab of an LIB cell and the lead wire connecting the cell to an external cycler are considered explicitly in addition to the heat generated as a result of electrochemical reactions and ohmic heating in the electrode region of the battery cell. The effect of electrical contact resistance is taken into account when calculating current collecting tab heating, and the effect of thermal contact resistance is included in the heat flux boundary condition at the contact area between the current collecting tab and the lead wire. The three-dimensional thermal modeling is validated by comparing the modeling results with experimental temperature distributions from IR images during discharge in an LIB cell.

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This paper reports a modeling methodology to predict the thermal behaviors of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) during constant-power discharge and charge operations. An efficient algorithm is presented to estimate the voltage and current of an LIB as a function of time in the mode of constant-power discharge and charge. The experimental discharge and charge curves at various power levels of 25, 50, 100, 150, and 250 W are compared with the modeling results to validate the two-dimensional modeling of the potential and current density distribution on the electrodes of an LIB cell during constant-power operations. The two-dimensional temperature distributions of the LIB cell as a function of time are calculated based on the modeling results of the two-dimensional potential and current density distributions. The temperature distributions obtained from the modeling agree well with the experimental measurements based on infrared imaging.The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is popular in consumer electronics. Beyond consumer electronics, the LIB is also growing in popularity for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and electric vehicle (EV) applications. The thermal control of LIB is especially important in HEV and EV applications, because both of the battery performance and life are the strong functions of battery temperature. The main concern in the thermal control of LIB is the significant temperature increase that can occur during high power extraction and rapid charging for HEV and EV applications, which may cause battery degradation and thermal runaway. To control the temperature of an LIB cell within a suitable range under the various operating conditions for HEV and EV applications, it is essential to calculate accurately the non-uniform temperature distribution of an LIB cell based on thermal modeling. Thermal modeling can provide the basis for exploring various battery pack cooling strategies in HEV and EV applications. [1][2][3] There have been many previous works for the thermal modeling of LIB and a critical review of previous works is given in Ref. 4. Bernardi et al. 5 developed a general energy balance for battery systems useful for estimating cell thermal characteristics. Rao and Newman 6 presented two different methods to calculate the heat generation rate for insertion battery system based on the general energy balance using the enthalpy potential method and the local heat generation. Chen and Evans 7,8 conducted three-dimensional thermal modeling of lithium polymer battery (LPB) and LIB. They assumed that the heat generation rate is uniform and of the average value of all local heat sources within the cell. Verbrugge 9 proposed a three-dimensional model to calculate the current and temperature distributions in large-scale LPB modules illustrating the nonlinear dependence of power output on the system temperature. Botte et al. 10 included a decomposition reaction for the carbon anode to predict the influence of design variables on the thermal behavior of LIB based on one-dimensional model. Al-Hallaj et al. 11 used a simp...

This paper reports a method of modeling the dependence of the discharge behavior of a lithium-ion battery (LIB) on the environmental temperature. A comparison of the experimental discharge curves for discharge rates ranging from 0.5 to 5 C and environmental temperatures of 15, 25, 35, and 45 C with the modeling results validates the two-dimensional modeling of the potential and current density distributions on the electrodes of an LIB as a function of the discharge time during galvanostatic discharge based on the finite element method. The heat generation rates as a function of the discharge time and the position on the electrodes are calculated to predict the temperature distributions of the LIB based on the modeling results of the potential and current density distributions. The temperature distributions obtained from the modeling are in good agreement with the experimental measurements.The lithium-ion battery (LIB) is a preferred power source for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs) due to its high energy density, high voltage, and low self-discharge rate. The battery management system (BMS) plays a vital role in HEV and EV applications, since the accuracy of battery management algorithms has a significant impact on the performance and life of batteries. The BMS of HEV and EV propulsion systems needs to be based on an accurate model to predict the performance of the battery as a function of its temperature, as the battery performance depends strongly on its temperature. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a reliable model to predict the temperature dependence of the performance of LIBs in order to optimize battery management algorithms. [1][2][3] There have been many previous works on the modeling of lithium-based batteries. 4-21 Doyle et al. 4 developed a model of the galvanostatic charge and discharge of the lithium polymer battery (LPB) using the concentrated solution theory. Doyle and Newman 5 presented a simplified model of an ohmically-dominated porous electrode with no diffusion or kinetic limitations to describe the discharge of an LPB. Chen and Evans 6-8 developed two and three dimensional models to study the thermal behavior of LPBs and LIBs. They assumed that the heat generation rate is uniform throughout the cell. Pals and Newman presented a one-dimensional model to predict the thermal behavior of LPBs for a single cell 9 and a cell stack. 10 Verbrugge 11 modeled the three-dimensional current and temperature distributions in LPB modules. Botte et al. 12 used a mathematical model that includes the carbon anode decomposition reaction to predict the thermal behavior of LIBs under medium-and high-rate discharge conditions. Al-Hallaj et al. 13 presented a simplified one-dimensional thermal modeling with lumped parameters to simulate the temperature profiles inside LIB cells. Song and Evans 14 developed an electrochemical-thermal model of LPBs by coupling a two-dimensional thermal model with a one-dimensional electrochemical model. Gu and Wang 15 and Srinivasan and Wang 16 develope...