The sex difference in balance performance (some of which are significant only in the elderly) and the sex difference in age-related change of balance performance were demonstrated in mediolateral direction. These sex differences may contribute to the sex difference in balance-related problems, such as falls.

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Af ormal synthesis of komaroviquinone has been accomplished by utilizingt he Pt-catalyzedh ydrative cyclization of an enynal that was easily prepared in ac onvergent manner. The Pt-catalyzed hydrativec yclization reaction afforded the corresponding tricyclic product, which was utilized in the synthesis of ak nown precursor that led to the formation of komaroviquinone through an additional four-step synthesis.Inhabitants of the mountains of Uzbekistan use parts of the perennials emishrubk nown as "buzbosh" to cure inflammatory diseases and hypertony. [1] Severali cetexaned iterpenes have been isolated from buzbosh, among which komaroviquinone has shown the mosts ignificant in vitro trypanocidal activity against epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi,t he causative agent of Chagas' disease in Centrala nd South America, with am inimum lethal concentration( MLC) of 0.4 mm. [2] In addition to komaroviquinone, am inor diterpene that possessedanew spiro-octahydroindene skeleton was also isolated from the same plant and was namedk omarovispirone. Biogenetically, komarovispirone may be derived fromk omaroviquinone througharing-contraction sequence as outlined in Figure 1. [3] Komaroviquinonew as also isolatedf rom the seeds of Hernan-dia ovigeina and hasb een reportedt op lay ap otentialr ole in the developmentofn ew anti-HIV agents. [4] Several groups have been interested in the synthesis of komaroviquinone and related compounds. [5] The characteristic core skeleton of komaroviquinone is a [ 6,7,6] tricycle. Therefore, the discovery of new and efficient synthetic routes to such [6,7,6] tricycles is highly desirable for organic and medicinal chemists. [6] Transition-metal-catalyzed cyclization reactions have been presenteda sahighly attractive methodf or the synthesis of such polycyclic compounds. In 2005, Padwa and coworkers reported the first synthesis of the core skeleton of komaroviquinone by utilizing aRh II -catalyzed intramolecular cyclization reaction. [7] In the same year,B anerjee andc o-workersr eportedt he first total synthesis of (AE)-komaroviquinone. [8] Since then, the Majetich group completed syntheses of komaroviquinone and relatedc ompounds. [9] In 2010, Suto'sg roup accomplished as hort and efficient asymmetrics ynthesis of komaroviquinone from ak nown precursor in only four steps. [10] Well-oriented conjugatede nynals mays erve as versatile substratesf or [6,7,6]-tricyclic skeletons. Such enynals with alkynophilic metal cations are known to form metalÀpyrylium intermediates,w hich undergo cycloaddition reactions with ap endent unsaturated bond. Thus, we successfully performedt he Au-, Rh-, andP t-catalyzed [3+ +2] cycloaddition reactions of o-alkynylbenzaldehyde( S 1 )w ith ap endant unsaturated bond, thereby affording polycycles P 1 , P 2 ,a nd P 3 ,r espectively (Scheme 1). [11] With this diverse range of chemoselectivities in hand, we first prepared ap rospective precursor (1)a nd performed at otal synthesis of faveline methyl ether (5). Disappointingly, Figure 1. Komaroviquinone and komarovis...

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Study Design. Analytical biomechanical study using a finiteelement (FE) model. Objective. We investigated the effects of paraspinal muscle volume to the physiological loading on the lower lumbar vertebral column using a FE model. Summary of Background Data. The FE model analysis can measure the physiological load on the lumbar vertebral column. Which changes as the surrounding environment changes. In this study, our FE model consisted of the sacrum, lumbar spine (L3-L5), intervertebral discs, facet joints, and paraspinal muscles. Methods. Three-dimensional FE models of healthy lumbar spinal units were reconstructed. The physiological loads exerted on the lumbar vertebra column were evaluated by applying different paraspinal muscle volumes (without muscles, 50%, 80%, and 100% of healthy muscle volume).Results. As the paraspinal muscle volume increased, the loads exerted on the vertebral column decreased. The mean load on the intervertebral disc was 1.42 AE 0.75 MPa in the model without muscle, 1.393 AE 0.73 MPa in the 50% muscle volume model, 1.367 AE 0.71 MPa in the 80% muscle volume model, and 1.362 AE 0.71 MPa in the 100% muscle volume model. The mean loads exerted on the posterior column of lumbar spine were 1 1 . 7 9 AE 4 . 7 0 M P a i n t h e m o d e l w i t h o u t m u s c l e s , 11.57 AE 4.57 MPa in the model with 50% muscle volume, and 11.13 AE 4.51 MPa in the model with 80% muscle volume, and 10.92 AE 4.33 MPa in the model with 100% muscle volume. The mean pressure on the vertebral body in the model without paraspinal muscle, and with 50%, 80%, and 100% paraspinal muscle volume were 14.02 AE 2.82, 13.82 AE 2.62, 13.65 AE 2.61, and 13.59 AE 2.51 MPa, respectively. Conclusion.Using FEM, we observed that the paraspinal muscle volume decreases pressure exerted on the lumbar vertebral column. Based on these results, we believe that exercising to increase paraspinal muscle volume would be helpful for spinal pain management and preventing lumbar spine degeneration.