Effects of the golfer–ground interaction on clubhead speed in skilled male golfers

Han, Ki Hoon; Como, Christopher; Kim, Jemin; Lee, Sang‐Woo; Kim, Jae-Woong; Kim, Dae Kyoo; Kwon, Young‐Hoo

doi:10.1080/14763141.2019.1586983

Cited by 22 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Although the direct measurement of internal grip force and torque is necessary to identify upper limb joint kinetics, its measurement is more challenging than the measurement of club kinematics, which is often performed by a simple IMU (Inertial Measurement Unit) [28][29][30][31][32] or a motion capture system [33][34][35]. After observing the relatively small inter-subject variability in most of the six-axis grip sensor data, we then examined whether the hand-grip joint kinetics could be heuristically estimated from club kinematics.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Dimensional Upper Limb Joint Kinetics of a Golf Swing with Measured Internal Grip Force

Choi

Park

2020

Sensors

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The biomechanics of a golf swing have been of interest to golfers, instructors, and biomechanists. In addition to the complexity of the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of multi-segments of body, the closed-chain body posture as a result of both hands holding a club together makes it difficult to fully analyze the 3D kinetics of a golf swing. To identify the hand-grip joint force and torque applied by each hand, we directly measured the 3D internal grip force of nine registered professional golfers using an instrumented grip. A six-axis force-torque sensor was connected to a custom-made axially separated grip, which was then connected to a driver shaft using a manufactured screw thread. Subjects participated in two sessions of data collection featuring five driver swings with both a regular and customized sensor-embedded grip, respectively. Internal grip force measurement and upper limb kinematics were used to calculate the joint force and torque of the nine-linkage closed-chain of the upper limb and club using 3D inverse dynamics. Direct measurement of internal grip forces revealed a threefold greater right-hand torque application compared to the left hand, and counterforce by both hands was also found. The joint force and torque of the left arm tended to precede that of the right arm, the majority of which had peaks around the impact and showed a larger magnitude than that of the left arm. Due to the practical challenge of measuring internal force, heuristic estimation methods based on club kinematics showed fair approximation. Our results suggest that measuring the internal forces of the closed-chain posture could identify redundant joint kinetics and further propose a heuristic approximation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three Dimensional Upper Limb Joint Kinetics of a Golf Swing with Measured Internal Grip Force

Choi

Park

2020

Sensors

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“…Unlike iron/wedge swings, one of the main goals in a driver swing is to maximize the distance. The GRF moment generated by the combined GRF about the center of mass (COM) in the frontal plane and the pivoting moment generated by individual foot GRFs about the combined center of pressure (COP) in the horizontal plane typically reach their peak values at or slightly before EDA [1]. The relative position of the club to the COM at EDA directly affects the moment of inertia of the golfer-club system and the resulting angular acceleration caused by the golfer-ground interaction moments.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The golf swing is an angular motion-dominant sport movement in which a high clubhead speed is generated primarily by the angular motions of the golfer-club system. To develop a high clubhead speed, the golfer must (1) generate large external moments by using the ground reaction forces (GRFs) and moments (GRMs), and (2) transfer angular momentum sufficiently from the body to the club [1]. To maximize the clubhead speed, it is imperative to not only use the ground effectively/efficiently, but also move the body/club in an orchestrated manner during the swing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While consistency in shot distance and direction is the most essential aspect of golf performance [4], the importance of shot distance itself increases with the level of competitiveness [3,9]. Shot distance is directly correlated to the clubhead speed at impact [21], and a golfer's ability to generate a high clubhead speed with sufficiently accurate direction control depends on well-orchestrated angular motions of the axle-chain system [2,3,22] as well as the level of interaction with the ground [1]. Clubhead speed in fact can serve as an effective indicator of the quality of the swing mechanics employed in a golfer's swing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association between the On-Plane Angular Motions of the Axle-Chain System and Clubhead Speed in Skilled Male Golfers

et al. 2020

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The on-plane rotations of the inclined axle-chain system on the functional swing plane (FSP) can represent the angular motions of the golfer–club system closely. The purpose of this study was to identify key performance factors in golf through a comprehensive investigation of the association between the angular motion characteristics of the axle-chain system and clubhead speed in skilled golfers. Sixty-six male golfers (handicap ≤ 3) performed full-effort shots in three club conditions: driver, 5-iron, and pitching wedge. Swing trials were captured with an optical motion capture system, and the hip/shoulder lines, upper lever, club, and wrist angular positions/velocities were calculated. Time, angular position, range of rotation, and peak angular velocity parameters were extracted and their correlation coefficients (Pearson and Spearman) to actual and normalized clubhead speeds were computed (p < 0.05). Higher clubhead speed was associated with shorter downswing phases, larger rotation ranges (hip/shoulder lines, and upper lever), larger hip–shoulder separation at impact, delayed transitions (hip line and upper lever), faster rotations (backswing, downswing, and impact), and larger angular velocity losses (hip line and upper lever) with additional club- and body-specific correlations. Clubhead speed was not well associated with wrist cock angles/ranges, X-factors/stretches, and timings of the downswing peak.

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“…They concluded that the weight shift from the trail foot to the lead foot played an important role in this. In summary, Han et al's 24 showed the importance of the golferground interaction, the use of lower body during the swing, and lower-body driven swing is more rhythmical and dynamic and important in a smooth transfer of large amounts of energy from the lower body through the lumbar spine into the upper body and eventually the club.…”

Section: Biomechanics Of Golf Swing In Relation To the Lumbar Spine Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Golf a Contact Sport? Protection of the Spine and Return to Play After Lumbar Surgery

Haddas

Pipkin

Hellman³

et al. 2021

Global Spine Journal

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Study Design: Narrative review. Objective: To address the gap in the literature on specific return to play protocols and rehabilitation regimens for golfers undergoing lumbar spine surgery with a high impact swing. Methods: This review did not involve patient care or any clinical prospective or retrospective review of patient information and thus did not warrant institutional review board approval. The available literature of PubMed, Medline, and OVID was utilized to review the existing literature. Results: Studies have shown that the forces through the lumbar spine in the modern-era golf swing are like other contact sports. Methods of protecting the lumbar spine include proper swing mechanics, abdominal and paraspinal musculature strengthening and flexibility as well as physical fitness. There are a variety of treatment options available to treat lumbar spine pathology each with a different return to play recommendations from doctors in the field. Conclusions: With the introduction of a high impact, modern-era swing to the game of golf, the pathology is seen in the lumbar spine of both young, old, professional, and amateur golfers with low back pain are similar to other athletes in contact sports. Surgery is effective in returning athletes to a similar level of play even though no protocols exist for an effective and safe return. There have been many studies conducted to determine appropriate treatment and return to play for these injuries, but there is a gap in the literature on specific return to play protocols and rehabilitation regimens for golfers undergoing lumbar spine surgery with a high impact swing. As return to competitive play is important, especially with professional golfers, studies combining the use of swing mechanics changes, rehabilitation regimens and the type of surgery performed would be able to provide some insight into this topic now that golf may begin to be considered a contact sport.

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Effects of the golfer–ground interaction on clubhead speed in skilled male golfers

Cited by 22 publications

References 9 publications

Three Dimensional Upper Limb Joint Kinetics of a Golf Swing with Measured Internal Grip Force

Three Dimensional Upper Limb Joint Kinetics of a Golf Swing with Measured Internal Grip Force

Association between the On-Plane Angular Motions of the Axle-Chain System and Clubhead Speed in Skilled Male Golfers

Is Golf a Contact Sport? Protection of the Spine and Return to Play After Lumbar Surgery

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