Three Dimensional Upper Limb Joint Kinetics of a Golf Swing with Measured Internal Grip Force

Abstract

The biomechanics of a golf swing have been of interest to golfers, instructors, and biomechanists. In addition to the complexity of the three-dimensional (3D) dynamics of multi-segments of body, the closed-chain body posture as a result of both hands holding a club together makes it difficult to fully analyze the 3D kinetics of a golf swing. To identify the hand-grip joint force and torque applied by each hand, we directly measured the 3D internal grip force of nine registered professional golfers using an instrumented grip. A six-axis force-torque sensor was connected to a custom-made axially separated grip, which was then connected to a driver shaft using a manufactured screw thread. Subjects participated in two sessions of data collection featuring five driver swings with both a regular and customized sensor-embedded grip, respectively. Internal grip force measurement and upper limb kinematics were used to calculate the joint force and torque of the nine-linkage closed-chain of the upper limb and club using 3D inverse dynamics. Direct measurement of internal grip forces revealed a threefold greater right-hand torque application compared to the left hand, and counterforce by both hands was also found. The joint force and torque of the left arm tended to precede that of the right arm, the majority of which had peaks around the impact and showed a larger magnitude than that of the left arm. Due to the practical challenge of measuring internal force, heuristic estimation methods based on club kinematics showed fair approximation. Our results suggest that measuring the internal forces of the closed-chain posture could identify redundant joint kinetics and further propose a heuristic approximation.

Quantitative analysis and control of the torque profile of the upper limb using a kinetic model and motion measurements

“…We used a Simscape model to simulate the torque-based control approach in which the model consists of a DC motor model, torque control law and forearm inertia model (Figure 5). The arm torque was calculated according to (9). It was then fed to the DC motor model as a torque feedback signal in which the error signal between the motor and arm torque is used as an actuating signal for the DC motor.…”

“…There is increasing interest in developing an upper limb exoskeleton for physiotherapy, ergonomic work environment, and athletic ability assessment. [5][6][7][8][9] Many studies have been published on estimating arm torques, such as Li et al 10 , Hwang and Jeon, 11 and Makhni et al 12 In Li et al, 10 the authors proposed estimating elbow joint torque using myoelectrical feedback signals and inertial measurement units (IMUs) in which these measurements are amplified and sent to the OpenSim-Matlab system for actuating and controlling an exoskeleton joint. Mikołajczyk et al 4 suggested using joint torque sensor and limb dynamics to estimate muscular torque and implemented their method on a wheelchair lower limb exoskeleton.…”

Human Posture Estimation: A Systematic Review on Force-Based Methods—Analyzing the Differences in Required Expertise and Result Benefits for Their Utilization

“…Reduction in joint torque 3D dynamic human model [76][77][78] Reduction in muscle effort Musculoskeletal human model [79,80] Hypothesis of quasi-static equilibrium Dynamic human model [81] Reduction in joint fatigue 2D three-compartment controller fatigue model [82] Simple dynamic models are usually represented by rigid elements and joints with different degrees of freedom without spring or damper properties. An evaluation of these dynamic models is conducted via an inverse kinematic analysis.…”

“…In such cases, the main input condition is the impact of an external force on the human body. The main application domains of the studies investigated are healthcare-especially for patient monitoring- [13,22,35,39,[46][47][48]61,64,71], sleep research [45,49,[91][92][93], sports science [37,76,94], product [84] and automotive design [34,87,88] and the sub-domains of ergonomics-industrial ergonomics [12,50,77,80,82,86,89,95,96], gait analyses [43,51,65,85,97] and sitting ergonomics [14,16,21,44,54,69,72,[98][99][100][101]. The context of the application scenarios also influences the estimation methods th...…”

Design, Assessment and Deployment of an Efficient Golf Game Dynamics Management System Based on Flexible Wireless Technologies

“…Maintenance activities related to golf courses have also been described, by taking advantage of static wireless sensor networks combined with remote sensing data in order to monitor environmental parameters such as soil moisture [ 16 ]. Table 1 [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ] summarizes some relevant contributions related to golf sport. It presents works focused on improving the movements of the golf player, specifically the swing motion.…”