Purpose To evaluate the effect of middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization on chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) and compare the treatment outcomes of MMA embolization and conventional treatment. Materials and Methods All consecutive patients 20 years or older with CSDH were assessed for eligibility. CSDHs with a focal location, a thickness of 10 mm or less, no mass effect, or underlying conditions were excluded. Seventy-two prospectively enrolled patients with CSDH underwent MMA embolization (embolization group; as the sole treatment in 27 [37.5%] asymptomatic patients and with additional hematoma removal for symptom relief in 45 [62.5%] symptomatic patients). For comparison, 469 patients who underwent conventional treatment were included as a historical control group (conventional treatment group; close, nonsurgical follow-up in 67 [14.3%] and hematoma removal in 402 [85.7%] patients). Primary outcome was treatment failure defined as a composite of incomplete hematoma resolution (remaining or reaccumulated hematoma with thickness > 10 mm) or surgical rescue (hematoma removal for relief of symptoms that developed with continuous growth of initial or reaccumulated hematoma). Secondary outcomes included surgical rescue as a component of the primary outcome and treatment-related complication for safety measure. Six-month outcomes were compared between the study groups with logistic regression analysis. Results Spontaneous hematoma resolution was achieved in all of 27 asymptomatic patients undergoing embolization without direct hematoma removal. Hematoma reaccumulation occurred in one (2.2%) of 45 symptomatic patients receiving embolization with additional hematoma removal. Treatment failure rate in the embolization group was lower than in the conventional treatment group (one of 72 patients [1.4%] vs 129 of 469 patients [27.5%], respectively; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.056; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.011, 0.286; P = .001). Surgical rescue was less frequent in the embolization group (one of 72 patients [1.4%] vs 88 of 469 patients [18.8%]; adjusted OR, 0.094; 95% CI: 0.018, 0.488; P = .005). Treatment-related complication rate was not different between the two groups (0 of 72 patients vs 20 of 469 patients [4.3%]; adjusted OR, 0.145; 95% CI: 0.009, 2.469; P = .182). Conclusion MMA embolization has a positive therapeutic effect on CSDH and is more effective than conventional treatment. RSNA, 2017.

Although the pathogenesis of moyamoya disease (MMD) has not been fully elucidated, the effectiveness of surgical revascularization in preventing stroke has been addressed by many studies. The main mechanism of surgical revascularization is augmenting the intracranial blood flow using an external carotid system by either direct bypass or pial synangiosis. This can improve resting cerebral blood flow as well as vascular reserve capacity. For direct revascularization, the superficial temporal artery is used as the donor artery in most cases, although the occipital artery may be used in limited cases. Usually, the cortical branch of the middle cerebral artery is selected as the recipient of direct anastomosis. As for indirect revascularization, various techniques using different kinds of connective tissues have been introduced. In some cases, reinforcing the anterior cerebral artery and the posterior cerebral artery territories can be considered. The effectiveness of surgical revascularization for preventing ischemic stroke had been generally accepted by many studies. However, for preventing hemorrhagic stroke, new evidence has been added by a recent randomized controlled trial. The incidence of peri-operative complications such as stroke and hyperperfusion syndrome seems to be high due to the nature of the disease and technical demands for treatment. Preventing and adequately managing these complications are essential for ensuring the benefits of surgery.

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Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in tumor tissue is under investigation as a candidate biomarker in immuno-oncology dug development. The soluble form of PD-L1 (sPDL1) is suggested to have immunosuppressive activity. In this study, we measured the serum level of sPDL1 and evaluated its prognostic implication in biliary tract cancer (BTC). Blood was collected from 158 advanced BTC patients (68 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, 56 gallbladder cancer, 22 extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and 12 ampulla of vater cancer) before initiation of palliative chemotherapy. Serum sPDL1 was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Clinical data included neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII, neutrophil × platelet/lymphocyte). The patients were assigned to two cohorts (training and validation cohort) using a simple random sampling method to validate the cut-off value of each marker. Validation was performed using a twofold cross-validation method. Overall survival (OS) of all patients was 9.07 months (95% CI: 8.20-11.33). Median sPDL1 was 1.20 ng/mL (range 0.03-7.28, mean 1.50, SD 1.22). Median NLR, PLR and SII were 2.60, 142.85 and 584.93, respectively. Patients with high sPDL1 (≥0.94 ng/mL) showed worse OS than patients with low sPDL1 (7.93 vs. 14.10 months, HR 1.891 (1.35-2.65), p<0.001). In multivariate analysis, high sPDL1 and NLR were independent poor prognostic factors. In conclusion, serum sPDL1 can be measured and has significant role on the prognosis of advanced BTC patients treated with palliative chemotherapy.

Background and Purpose-The surgical outcomes of adult moyamoya disease are rarely reported. We aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of combined revascularization surgery in patients with adult moyamoya disease. Methods-Combined revascularization surgery consisting of superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery anastomosis with encephalodurogaleosynangiosis was performed on 77 hemispheres in 60 patients. Clinical, angiographic, and hemodynamic states were evaluated retrospectively using quantitative methods preoperatively and postoperatively in the short-term (≈6 months) and long-term (≈5 years) periods. The mean clinical follow-up duration was 71.0±10.1 months (range, 60-104 months). Results-Clinical status improved until 6 months after surgery and remained stable thereafter, as assessed by the Karnofsky Performance Scale and modified Rankin Scale. The revascularization area relative to supratentorial area significantly increased in the long-term period compared with that in the short-term period (54.8% versus 44.2%; P<0.001). Cerebral blood flow in the territory of the middle cerebral artery improved in the short-term period compared with that in the preoperative period (68.7 versus 59.1; considering blood flow of the pons as 50; P<0.001) and thereafter became stable (65.5 in the long term; P=0.219). The annual risks of symptomatic hemorrhage and infarction were 0.4% and 0.2%, respectively, in the operated hemispheres. Conclusions-Combined

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate treatment outcomes of future stroke prevention, perioperative complications, and angiographic revascularization in adults with symptomatic moyamoya disease (MMD) according to treatment modalities and surgical techniques. METHODS A systemic literature review was performed based on searches of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central databases. A fixed-effects model was used in cases of heterogeneity less than 50%. Publication bias was determined by Begg's funnel plot, Egger's test of the intercept, and the Begg and Mazumdar rank correlation test. RESULTS Eleven articles were included in the meta-analysis. Bypass surgery significantly decreased the future stroke events compared with conservative treatments in adult MMD (odds ratio [OR] 0.301, p < 0.001). Direct bypass showed better future stroke prevention than indirect bypass (OR 0.494, p = 0.028). There was no meaningful difference in perioperative complications between direct and indirect bypass (OR 0.665, p = 0.176). Direct bypass was associated with better angiographic outcomes than indirect bypass (OR 6.832, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Bypass surgery can be effective in preventing future stoke events in adults with MMD. Direct bypass seems to provide better risk reduction with respect to stroke than indirect bypass in these patients.

M oyaMoya disease (MMD) is a progressive disease that causes recurrent stroke through progressive stenosis of the terminal internal carotid arteries. 19 However, the pathogenesis of MMD has not yet been well characterized. Nevertheless, revascularization surgery for symptomatic MMD is considered standard treatment for preventing further stroke, as it results in an augmentation of cerebral blood flow and stabilizes collateral vessels. 9,24Due to the progressive nature of MMD, investigations into its natural history have been limited in asymptomatic patients with a relatively stable hemodynamic status. While the annual stroke rate of nonsurgically treated adult patients with MMD has been reported to be 3.2%-13.3%, 3,4,11,13,15,18,23 the incidence of stroke after direct or combined revascularization surgery appears to be lower. Several retrospective cohort studies have investigated this abbreviatioNs ARR = absolute risk reduction; AS = any kind of stroke; DSA = digital subtraction angiography; D-SPECT = SPECT with acetazolamide (Diamox) challenge; HS = hemorrhagic stroke; IS = ischemic stroke; MMD = moyamoya disease; mRS = modified Rankin Scale; NNT = number needed to treat; OA = occipital artery; RRR = relative risk reduction; SPECT = single photon emission tomography; STA = superficial temporal artery; TIA = transient ischemic attack. » This article has been updated from its originally published versionto correct the footnotes in obJective Moyamoya disease (MMD) is a progressive disease that can cause recurrent stroke. The authors undertook this retrospective case-control study with a large sample size in an attempt to assess the efficacy of direct or combined revascularization surgery for ischemia in adults with MMD. methods The authors investigated cases involving patients with moyamoya disease presenting with ischemia who visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital and Seoul National University Hospital between 2000 and 2014. Among 441 eligible patients, 301 underwent revascularization surgery and 140 were treated conservatively. Variables evaluated included age at diagnosis, sex, surgical record, Suzuki stage, and occurrence of stroke. Patients were stratified into 2 groups based on whether or not they had undergone revascularization surgery. Actuarial 1-, 5-, and 10-year stroke rates were calculated using the life table method. Risk factor analysis for 5-year stroke occurrence was conducted with multivariate regression. results Of the 441 patients, 301 had been surgically treated (revascularization group) and 140 had not (control group). The mean follow-up durations were 45 and 77 months, respectively. The actuarial 10-year cumulative incidence rate for any kind of stroke was significantly lower in the revascularization group (9.4%) than in the control group (19.6%) (p = 0.041); the relative risk reduction (RRR) was also superior (52.0%) in the revascularization group, and the number needed to treat was 10. The 10-year rate of ischemic stroke was greater (13.3%) in the control group than in the revas...

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