Fabrication of microscale organic photonic integrated circuits (μ-OPIC) from two electronically different flexible crystals via a mechanophotonics approach is demonstrated here. The experiments focus on the mechanical micromanipulation of orange-emitting (E)-1-(4-(dimethylamino)-phenyl) iminomethyl-2-hydroxyl-naphthalene (DPIN) and green-emitting (E)-1-(4bromo)iminomethyl-2-hydroxyl-naphthalene (BPIN) crystals with atomic force cantilever tip. The flexibility of these crystals originate from molecular H-bonding, CH•••π, and π•••π stacking interactions. These mechanically compliant crystals form exceedingly bent and photonically relevant reconfigurable geometries during micromanipulation, including three μ-OPICs.Remarkably, these μ-OPICs operate through passive-, active-waveguiding and energy transfer mechanisms. Depending upon the crystal's electronic nature (either BPIN or DPIN) receiving the optical signal input, the circuit executes mechanism-selective and direction-specific optical outputs. The presented proof-of-principle concepts can be used to fabricate complex photonic circuits with diverse, flexible crystals performing multiple optical functions.
By using a mechanophotonics approach, three flexible organic microcrystals of (E)‐1‐(4‐(dimethylamino)‐phenyl)iminomethyl‐2‐hydroxyl‐naphthalene (DPIN) are micromanipulated, and dual‐waveguides coupled ring resonator is fabricated. The flexibility of the DPIN crystal arises owing to its spring‐like expansion and contraction of π∙∙∙π stacked molecular chains along the (002) plane. The crystals also act as optical waveguides in straight and bent geometries with very low optical loss coefficients. The fluorescence (FL) spectra of the guided light also display Fabry‐Pérot modes. Precise mechanical manipulation of microcrystals with atomic force microscopy cantilever tip bent a straight crystal waveguide to 360° angle forming a ring‐shaped crystal resonator (diameter ≈58.6 µm). The positioning and integration of two straight parallelly oriented waveguiding crystals (bus and drop) along the opposite edge of the ring resonator forms the first of its kind all‐organic crystal‐based dual‐waveguides coupled ring resonator. The fabricated circuit with four ports selectively guides the produced input FL to through and drop ports via active, passive waveguiding and FL reabsorbance mechanisms.
With the rising concerns about global cybersecurity, safe data transduction that would be impervious to cyber attacks necessitates an immediate shift from electron-based to light-based devices. Here, the construction of silicon-free, all-organic photonic integrated circuits by micromanipulation of organic crystals of two mechanically different materials with complementary optical properties, one of which is plastically bendable, is described. The resulting optical circuits are endowed with mechanical reconfiguration at two levels: first, the individual components can be processed into arbitrary shape before integration into the circuit, and second, the circuit itself is reconfigurable even after it is fabricated. The results do not only demonstrate the infinite structural variations in optical microstructures one can build by using organic crystals, but they also show that deformable lighttransducive organic crystals carry an untapped potential for lightweight all-organic optical minicircuitry.
We report the construction of an organic crystal multiplexer using three chemically and optically different acicular, flexible organic crystals for a broadband, visible light signal transportation. The mechanical integration of a highly flexible crystal waveguide of (Z)-2-(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-3-(7-methoxybenzo-[c][1,2,5]thiadiazol-4-yl)acrylonitrile (BTD2CF 3 ) displaying bright yellow (λ 1 ) fluorescence with blue-emitting (λ 2 ) BPP and cyan emitting (λ 3 ) DBA crystals using AFM-tip provides a composite organic crystal multiplexer. The constructed hybrid single crystal multiplexer effectively transduces three optical signals (λ 1 + λ 2 + λ 3 ) covering the 420-750 nm region as a composite output signal. The presented proof-of-principle experiment demonstrates the real potential of organic flexible crystal waveguides for visible light communication technologies.
resonators, and nano-antennas. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] In addition to these structures, their organic equivalent can be a fascinating alternative. Additionally, observing this weak chiral event in the (usually feeble) NLO (nonlinear optical) signal is a challenging endeavor. In this context, we wondered about the possibility of using organic micro-optical waveguides [14][15][16][17] to produce and guide chirality-controlled NLO signals as these structures are known to confine photons in two dimensions and allow 1D propagation. Though a few NLO waveguides are reported, [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] to the best of our knowledge, we are not able to access any reports on organic waveguides exhibiting chirality effect in the NLO signal. To fabricate nano/microcrystalline [25,26] chiral waveguides, we envisioned organic molecules possessing chirality and electron donor-acceptor characters. [26,27] Generally, electron push-pull organic molecules due to their large dipole moment provide large Frenkel exciton binding energy (up to 1 eV), [1,27] high photoluminescence (PL) efficiency, [26,27] tunable optical band gap, [1,25,26] easy solution processability, [1] size and shape control of nanostructures, [14,29,30] and more importantly, easy access to generate chirality information encoded NLO signals [12] such as multiphoton PL [12,21,28] and second-harmonic generation (SHG). [13] The latter signal arises as a result of the nonzero second-order electric susceptibility (χ (2) ≠ 0) emerging from the non-centrosymmetric crystal packing provided by the molecular chirality.For our investigations, we chose enantiomeric R-and S-4,4′-(2,2′-diethoxy-1,1′-binaphthyl-6,6′-diyl)-dibenzaldehyde (1-R and 1-S) molecules [12] (Figure 1A). The molecular structures of 1-R and 1-S possess: i) chirality, which emerges from their axially chiral nature of the molecule provided by the chiral π-conjugated spacer, ii) abilities to crystallize in chiral non-centrosymmetric crystallographic space group, iii) multiphoton absorbance and SHG as a result of charge-transfer (CT) character provided by the electron donating ethoxy and electron accepting benzaldehyde functional groups attached to enantiomers, and iv) CD effect in the NLO signal due to chiral nature of the molecules.Here in this work, we report the first realization of multiphoton pumped organic chiral micro-rod waveguides self-assembled from 1-R and 1-S enantiomers displaying chiro-NLO effects. These enantiomeric micro-rods generate one-, two-, three-photon pumped PL including SHG and self-guide Production of chiral light and its manipulation down to nanolevel is a very challenging endeavor in the area of nanophotonics. In this work, the above demanding requirements are realized explicitly in two R-and S-type chiral organic optical waveguides which are self-assembled from charge-transfer type axially chiral enantiomeric molecules. These enantiomerically pure micro-optical waveguides generate one-, two-, three-photon pumped optical emissions. Remarkably, these waveguides also demonstrate...
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