The monotypic genus Fuscoscypha possesses hairs similar as in the genus Hyaloscypha but differs by grey-olivaceous-brown apothecia with short dark stipes. Molecular data proves that the pigmentation does not permit delimitation of a separate genus, as white and brown taxa do not form separate clades. Followingly, Fuscoscypha is here considered to be a synonym of Hyaloscypha. Three of the here treated four species have an olivaceous-brown excipulum. Two are saprophytes on decaying leaves and fruits of angiosperms: F. acicularum, the type species of Fuscoscypha, and Hyaloscypha fuscostipitata comb. nov. (formerly placed in Betulina). Two are biotrophic parasites on Bryophyta: Hyaloscypha hepaticola comb. nov. (formerly placed in Trichopeziza) and the hyaline-excipled Hyaloscypha albocarpa spec. nov. which is otherwise very similar to H. hepaticola. The type species of the genus Betulina, B. hirta, is found to be an earlier synonym of Urceolella salicicola (= U. graddonii). The new combination Urceolella hirta is therefore proposed, hence Betulina is considered a synonym of Urceolella.
The apical bud of the Ginkgo's seedling stops early all its activity. It reaches a summer resting stage, the deepness of which is a function of time. This rest is relatively easy to break by applying long days. During autumn, the bud reaches progressively a deeper resting stage, which is in fact a winter rest. To break this winter rest, the cold seems most effective. Whenever the breaking of summer-or winter rest is performed, brachyblasts and / or auxiblasts become shooted. Age and stage of development (physiological age) are two limiting factors for the integrated action of chilling and of long days
Leaves samples were taken in three adjoining forest plots : an alluvial alder and ash wood, a ravine maple wood with North exposure and a boxtree grove on a dry and sunny slope oriented to the South.
The potential water content, the surface development and the grades of succulence and sclerophylly were measured. These parameters show clear differences between the three chosen sites and thus define synecological characteristics classifying principally the three forest communities in terms of the radiation balance of the biotopes.
The species common to two or three of the plots studied, very generally display a variation of the leaf parameters drawing the same conclusion and disclosing, in that respect, the specific adaptation ability to the environment.
Leaves samples were taken in three adjoining forest plots. These three sites correspond respectively with a xerothermic boxtree grove on a very sunny slope oriented to the South, a ravine maple wood receiving only a diffused illumination and an alluvial alder and ash wood receiving a normal insolation.
The foliar characteristics considered are the mean unit surface, the lobation, the hairiness and the end shape of the leaf blades. The distribution of the species of the upper vegetation layers in each of these categories is considered and the spectrums are drawn for each group. Between the groups, appreciable differences are thus emphasized.
An attempt to synthesize these various characteristics is made using a total foliar formula. That formula draws clearly the particularities of each forest type according to its peculiar structure and the salient qualities of the environment.
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