Este artículo tiene como objetivo general contribuir al debate sobre las relaciones entre el Estado y la sociedad a nivel subnacional y se centra específicamente en el caso de Argentina. Para ello, desarrollamos dos objetivos específicos. En primer lugar, hacemos un planteo teórico y conceptual sobre la importancia de estudiar la diversidad de estructuras económicas que existen a nivel subnacional, para entender el impacto que tienen en las relaciones entre Estado y sociedad. En segundo lugar, proponemos un marco analítico para clasificar a las provincias argentinas según su estructura económica. La clasificación de la estructura económica de las provincias se basa en tres criterios: la fortaleza del sector privado en la economía provincial, el peso relativo del Estado subnacional en la economía, y el tipo de producción que predomina. En base a esto, en las conclusiones hipotetizamos acerca de qué incentivos tienen los actores económicos para vincularse con el Estado provincial de distintas maneras.
Ten of the world’s twelve largest countries are “electoral democracies.” Yet a look at politics beneath the national level reveals patterns of illiberalism that mark out a new frontier for democratic research and activism.
The subnational variations within a country as diverse as Mexico can be as strong as the variation in democratic quality between different countries. In this article we present Mexico as an exemplary case study and build an analytical framework aimed at capturing the complexity of subnational democratization processes. The article argues that in a process of democratization, different structures and practices coexist—they mix, or become entangled. The entanglement of political structures and practices in a context of electoral democracy produces different configurations of subnational politics. The framework we propose seeks to identify the liberal and illiberal structures that are entangled in each state, through the examination of 12 dimensions that, based on previous studies, are considered relevant for Mexican subnational politics.
The existence of political families is a well-known fact in Mexican politics. Since the early 20th century, national and subnational politicians in Mexico have been related to other politicians. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Mexico initiated a democratization process that opened the political system to greater contestation, participation, and enforcement of electoral rules. Yet, 30 years after the onset of democratization and the demise of single-party rule, political families and dynasties continue to be important in Mexican politics. It is even more noticeable at the subnational level, where governors with blood or marital links to other politicians have governed in 27 of the 32 states (84%) since 1989. The aim of this article is to map the existence of subnational political dynasties in Mexico since the transition to democracy and to analyze some possible explanations of this phenomenon. The article makes three main contributions. First, it provides a comprehensive overview of the family relations of all governors elected to the 32 federal entities (states and the autonomous Mexico City) since 1989. Next, it explores some of the explanations advanced by the literature and analyses them in the Mexican case. Finally, it analyses the 2021 gubernatorial elections and the role that family politics played in these elections.
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