Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are extracranial egress of CSF into the adjacent paranasal sinus or tympanomastoid cavity due to an osteodural defect involving skull base. It can be due to a multitude of causes including accidental or iatrogenic trauma, congenital malformations and spontaneous leaks. Accurate localization of the site of the leak, underlying causes and appropriate therapy is necessary to avoid associated complications. In this paper relevant anatomy, clinical diagnosis, imaging modalities and associated findings are discussed along with a brief mention about management.
Aim:The aim of our study was to evaluate the computed tomography (CT) imaging features of splenic artery aneurysm and pseudoaneurysm and to identify the disease conditions related to the same. We also wanted to ascertain any relationship between these associated disease conditions and the imaging features of the aneurysms.Materials and Methods:This retrospective study included patients diagnosed to have splenic artery aneurysms on contrast-enhanced CT examination between January 2001 and January 2016. Data were obtained from the picture archiving and communication system. The size, number, location, morphology, the presence of thrombosis, calcification, and rupture of the aneurysms were evaluated.Results:A total of 45 patients were identified with a mean age of 45 years. Splenic artery aneurysms were idiopathic in 12 (26.6%) patients. In the remaining patients, the main associated disease conditions included pancreatitis 15 (33%), chronic liver disease with portal hypertension 8 (18%), and extrahepatic portal vein obstruction (EHPVO) 6 (13%). Statistically significant findings included the relationship between EHPVO and multiple aneurysms (P = 0.002), chronic liver disease and fusiform aneurysm (P = 0.008), and smaller size of idiopathic aneurysms (P < 0.001).Conclusion:Based on this study, splenic artery aneurysms were associated with a variety of etiologies. The characteristics of the aneurysms such as size, location, and morphology vary with the associated disease conditions. These variations may have implications for the management.
Introduction:Like most other developing countries, India has a large proportion of children among its population. However, the facilities for adequate treatment of this large population is inadequate. The development of pediatric radiology as a subspecialty is still at an infant stage in India. The goal of our study was to assess the awareness about the current status of pediatric radiology in India.Materials and Methods:A questionnaire was handed over to all attendees of a pediatric radiology conference to assess their opinion regarding the adequacy of pediatric training and practice in India. The questionnaire consisted of 10 multiple-choice and two descriptive questions. Descriptive statistical methods were used for analyzing the results.Results:Eighty-one out of 400 delegates responded to the questionnaire. Among these 81 respondents, 50 (61.7%) felt that exposure to pediatric cases during postgraduate course was inadequate. Sixty-three out of 81 (77.7%) respondents thought that specialized training is required for practicing pediatric radiology, and 79 respondents (97%) felt that the number of such training programmes should increase. Forty-five out of 81 respondents (55.5%) were interested in pursuing pediatric radiology as a career.Conclusion:According to the opinion of the respondents of our survey, pediatric radiology remains an underdeveloped speciality in India. Considering the proportion of the population in the pediatric age and the poor health indicators in this age group, elaborate measures, as suggested, need to be implemented to improve pediatric radiology training and the care of sick children in India.
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