Etorphine, the most potent narcotic analgesic known, was labeled with tritium by catalytic exchange. This drug exhibits stereospecific, saturable binding to rat-brain homogenate. At

The carboxyl tail of the human opioid receptor was shown to bind the carboxyl terminal region of human filamin A, a protein known to couple membrane proteins to actin. Results from yeast two-hybrid screening were confirmed by direct proteinprotein binding and by coimmunoprecipitation of filamin and opioid receptor from cell lysates. To investigate the role of filamin A in opioid receptor function and regulation, we used the melanoma cell line M2, which does not express filamin A, and its subclone A7, transfected with human filamin A cDNA. Both cell lines were stably transfected with cDNA encoding myctagged human opioid receptor. Fluorescent studies, using confocal microscopy, provided evidence that filamin and opioid receptors were extensively colocalized on the membranes of filamin-expressing melanoma cells. The immunostaining of opioid receptors indicated that the lack of filamin had no detectable effect on membrane localization of the receptors. Moreover, opioid receptors function normally in the absence of filamin A, as evidenced by studies of opioid binding and DAMGO inhibition of forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase. However, agonist-induced receptor down-regulation and functional desensitization were virtually abolished in cells lacking filamin A. The level of internalized -opioid receptors, after 30-min exposure to agonist, was greatly reduced, suggesting a role for filamin in opioid receptor trafficking. During these studies, we observed that forskolin activation of adenylyl cyclase was greatly reduced in filamin-lacking cells. An even more unexpected finding was the ability of long-term treatment with [D-Ala 2 ,N-Me-Phe 4 ,Gly 5 -ol]-enkephalin of M2 cells, containing opioid receptors, to restore normal forskolin activation. The mechanism of this effect is currently unknown. It is postulated that the observed effects on opioid receptor regulation by filamin A and, by implication, of the actin cytoskeleton may be the result of its role in opioid receptor trafficking.Opioid receptors belong to the superfamily of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are involved in numerous physiological functions, including analgesia, respiration, and cardiovascular functions. These receptors are also involved in the development of the physical and psychological dependence that are important aspects of drug abuse.Current work in many laboratories, including our own, is directed toward understanding opioid receptor signaling, regulation, and trafficking. Agonist binding induces a change in the conformation of GPCRs because of interaction of the receptors with different kinases, including second messenger-dependent protein kinases and G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRK). Phosphorylation of the receptors promotes binding of ␤-arrestins and uncouples the activated GPCRs from G-proteins. Uncoupling of the receptor from heterotrimeric G-proteins after short-term agonist exposure leads to receptor desensitization, which results in a decrease in agonist affinity and receptor function. In addition to receptor d...

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The multifaceted polycomb group gene Yin-Yang1 (Yy1) has been implicated in a variety of transcriptional regulatory roles both as an activator and silencer of gene expression. Here we examine the role of Yy1 during oocyte growth by conditional deletion of the locus in the growing oocyte. Our results indicate that YY1 is required for oocyte maturation and granulosa cell expansion. In mutant oocytes, we observe severely reduced expression of both Gdf9 and Bmp15, suggesting a mechanism underlying the failure of granulosa cell expansion. Consequently, we observe infertility, failure of estrus cycling, and altered reproductive hormone levels in mutant females. Additionally, we find that YY1-deficient oocytes exhibit altered levels of several oocyte-specific factors, including Pou5f1, Figla, Lhx8, Oosp1, and Sohlh2. These results document YY1's involvement in folliculogenesis and ovarian function in the mouse and indicate that YY1 is required specifically in the oocyte for oocyte-granulosa cell communication.