The escalation of cocaine SA under LgA conditions is dose-dependent and is associated with heightened susceptibility to drug-induced relapse. The characterization of neurobiological alterations that accompany escalated SA should facilitate the identification of mechanisms underlying the onset of human addiction.

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While no single current animal model may capture the experience of human smoking or nicotine addiction, increasingly, separate animal models are capturing the full spectrum of behavioral and neurobiological dimensions of this complex condition.