Compared with results from 1992, the prevalence of HEN has increased dramatically, while the prevalence of HPN has declined.

Most of the publicly available data on chloroplast (plastid) genes and genomes come from seed plants, with relatively little information from their sister group, the ferns. Here we describe several broad evolutionary patterns and processes in fern plastid genomes (plastomes), and we include some new plastome sequence data. We review what we know about the evolutionary history of plastome structure across the fern phylogeny and we compare plastome organization and patterns of evolution in ferns to those in seed plants. A large clade of ferns is characterized by a plastome that has been reorganized with respect to the ancestral gene order (a similar order that is ancestral in seed plants). We review the sequence of inversions that gave rise to this organization. We also explore global nucleotide substitution patterns in ferns versus those found in seed plants across plastid genes, and we review the high levels of RNA editing observed in fern plastomes.

Objective criteria were effective in risk stratifying patients who presented with reports of peristomal infection. Patients with a score <8 tended to be at low risk, scores of 8-9 were of moderate risk, and patients with a score ≥10 were at high risk and required very close monitoring or hospitalization.

Overall, only a small number of tube sizes (14Fr and 20Fr) with selected formulas revealed a significant difference between ENFit and Legacy tubes, with remaining studies finding no significant difference. Regression analysis revealed that variables such as formula, size of tube, blender used, and time of blending may have more impact on compression force.

Catheter salvage is possible after a CRBSI episode. Since most episodes of CRBSI are caused by skin commensals, effective treatment without removal of the central venous catheter is possible in most cases.

Overall, for the low-profile, 18F, and 20F sizes, the ENFit tubes had similar flow rates when compared with the legacy tubes. For the 14F and 24F sizes, the flow rate of ENFit tubes was significantly lower, which could result in longer EN delivery for patients who are using these tubes to provide gravity feeding.

The major findings of the present study reveal that ALT or ELT can reduce the overall rate of infections per 1000 catheter days. ALT or ELT can be used in appropriate clinical setting for patients receiving HPN.

The results of this retrospective review support initiation of HPN in the malnourished post-bariatric surgery patient both nutritionally and as a bridge to revision surgery.