Samples of subjects from three different residential locations were asked to indicate their knowledge of the same environment by (a) estimating the distances between pairs of geographic locations and (b) arranging markers on a "map-board" to represent the locations and the distances between them. Comparisons of the results between methods revealed striking differences which lead to discrepant and even contradictory conclusions about the impact of residential location on cognitive representations of distance and of spatial relationships. On the basis of a logical analysis of task demands, it was tentatively concluded that the distance estimation procedure probably yields a more accurate portrayal of internal representations than does the mapping technique.
180 undergraduates rated level of aspiration and likelihood of success for male or female targets of high, low, or unknown physical attractiveness possessing masculine, feminine, or androgynous gender characteristics for occupations varying in prestige and gender orientation. Perceived level of aspiration and likelihood of success was influenced by sex of target only for female-oriented occupations. Physical attractiveness increased the perceived likelihood of success in high prestige male-oriented and neutral occupations. Gender characteristics influenced perceived level of aspiration for all high prestige occupations but for only one low prestige occupation. Results are discussed relative to changing stereotypes in today's society.
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