Sex differences in causal attributions for success and failure in real and hypothetical sport settings

Croxton, Jack S.; Klonsky, Bruce G.

doi:10.1007/bf00287279

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The gender differences that we found indicate that males used more internal and stable attributions, with team control attributions approaching significance ( p ϭ .06). This supports previous self-attribution research (e.g., Croxton & Klonsky, 1982) that has indicated that males may be more likely than females to see the causes of their performances as residing within themselves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The impact of match importance and gender on the team-serving attributional bias among interdependent sports team players.

Greenlees¹,

Stopforth²,

Graydon³

et al. 2007

Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice

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This study examined the team-serving attributional bias (TSAB), and moderators of this bias, in sports team players. The authors predicted that, in line with a motivational explanation for TSABs, members of successful teams would make more internal, stable, and controllable attributions than would members of unsuccessful teams, but only after an important match. The authors also examined the impact of gender. After a competitive match, 528 athletes completed a Causal Dimension Scale for Teams and measures of perceived success and match importance. A series of hierarchical multiple regressions indicated that perceptions of success were positively associated with stable, internal, and externally controllable attributions. The authors also found that stability attributions were moderated by gender and match importance, with perceptions of success being positively associated with stable attributions for males regardless of match importance but positively associated with stable attributions only for those females who perceived the match to be important. The results, therefore, provide support for the use of TSABs within sports teams but also indicate that their use may be moderated by gender and match importance.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

The impact of match importance and gender on the team-serving attributional bias among interdependent sports team players.

Greenlees¹,

Stopforth²,

Graydon³

et al. 2007

Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice

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show abstract

“…Even more than men, the women athletes in this study tended to see their successes in sport as resulting from internal, stable, controllable, and intentional factors. These findings are consistent with some of those cited earlier (Croxton & Klonsky, 1982). As with men, stable and controllable factors were of primary importance to women followed by internal factors.…”

Section: Men's Versus Women's Teamssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…However, this finding may be influenced by the fact that they were elite athletes. In a study of male and female college varsity basketball players (Croxton & Klonsky, 1982), winning females tended to rate the opponent's characteristics as less important in determining the outcome than did winning males.…”

Section: Attribution Research In Sportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attributions of Athletes on Collegiate Sports Teams

Pedersen

Manning

2004

Percept Mot Skills

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This study investigated the patterns of attributions for success made by intercollegiate athletes in three categories: more versus less successful teams, men versus women athletes, and individual versus group sport participants. 74 men and 83 women on 17 varsity teams across a number of sports took the Sports Attribution Style Scale, measuring internal, stable, controllable, intentional, and global attributions. It was hypothesized that (a) the athletes on more successful teams would have higher internal, stable, controllable, and intentional attributions, (b) that athletes in individual sports would have lower internal, stable, and controllable attributions, and (c) that women would score higher on all five attributions. Profile analyses of the attributions led to the confirmation of the first hypothesis. For the second hypothesis, the pattern of sport attributions did not differ for individual and team athletes. The third hypothesis was not confirmed. Women athletes scored higher on the attributional dimensions (except globality).

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“…groups. The reason for these differences could not be determined within the context of the present study, but previous research (20)(21)(22) has suggested that the female athlete performs under the dual pressures of societal expectations of femininity and the performance demands of athletic competition, which are often at odds. It may be that as the pressure of competition increases, so too does the conflicting requirements demanded by each of these dual roles, leading females to experience greater feelings of anxiety prior to competition than the other groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Optimal and predicted anxiety in 9–12‐year‐old track and field athletes

Wilson

Raglin

1997

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Optimal and predicted anxiety in 9-1 2-year-old track and field athletes Wilson GS, Raglin JS. Optimal and predicted anxiety in 9-12-year-old track and field athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997: 7: 253-258. 0 Munksgaard, 1997 In an effort to determine the applicability of individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) theory in young athletes, state anxiety was assessed in 40 track and field athletes (20 male and 20 female) from 9 to 12 years of age. Optimal anxiety was determined by having participants complete the state-trait anxiety scale for children (STAIC) with instructions to recall how anxious they felt prior to their best performance of the season. Twenty-four hours prior to three 'more important' and three 'less important' track meets, participants completed the STAIC under instructions to predict how anxious they would feel 1 h prior to the upcoming track meet. Actual precompetition anxiety was assessed 1 h prior to each meet. Selfratings of performance were collected following each meet in which the athletes competed. Athletes were grouped by age (younger, 9-10 years old); (older, 11-12 years old) and by gender for analysis. Analysis by independent t-tests indicated that predicted and actual precompetition anxiety values did not differ for either age or gender for the more important meets. However, the 11-12-year-old girls had higher (P<0.05) predicted and actual anxiety values in the 'less important' meets than all other groups. Significant correlations (P<0.05) between predicted and actual precompetition anxiety occurred in all groups for both the less important and more important meets (r=0.66-0.97), with the exception of the 9-10-year-old girls for less important meets (r=0.38, P>0.05). Of all the participants, 26% reported performing best when anxiety values were in the high range. Self-ratings of performance were not lower (P>0.05) in cases in which the athlete experienced high levels of precompetition anxiety. In summary, the present findings indicate that several aspects of IZOF theory apply to preadolescent athletes.

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Sex differences in causal attributions for success and failure in real and hypothetical sport settings

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

The impact of match importance and gender on the team-serving attributional bias among interdependent sports team players.

The impact of match importance and gender on the team-serving attributional bias among interdependent sports team players.

Attributions of Athletes on Collegiate Sports Teams

Optimal and predicted anxiety in 9–12‐year‐old track and field athletes

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