SUMMARY Two cases of coxofemoral luxation complicated by upward fixation of the patella are described in the pony. Clinical signs included outward rotation of the stifle and foot and inward rotation of the hock with the stifle and hock joints fixed in extension. One case was treated by performing a medial patellar desmotomy with a resultant significant improvement in locomotion. Other cases of hip luxation reported in the literature, some complicated by upward patellar fixation, are reviewed. Hip luxation is principally seen in ponies and it is suggested that upward fixation of the patella occurring in some of these cases is a result of rotation of the limb produced by dislocation of the hip, which alters the normal anatomy and mechanics of the femoro‐patellar joint and/or interferes with the normal leverage of the rectus femoris muscle. RÉSUMÉ On décrit chez le poney deux cas de luxation coxo fémorale compliquée par l'accrochement de la rotule. Les signes cliniques comportaient une rotation vers l'extérieur du grasset et du pied, une rotation vers l'intérieur du jarret, avec fixation du grasset et du jarret en extension. L'un des cas fut traité par la desmotomie rotulienne médiale (ou interne) ce qui apporte une importante amélioration fonctionnelle. D'autres cas de luxation coxo fémorale avec complication par accrochement de la rotule, tels qu'ils figurent dans la bibliographie sont passés en revue. La luxation coxo fémorale est connue surtout chez le poney. On pense que l'accrochement de la rotule est un phénomène secondaire résultant de la rotation du membre accompagnant le déplacement de la tête fémorale, ainsi se trouve perturbé le fonctionnement fémoro‐rotulien normal et probablement le fonctionnement du groupe “triceps crural”. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Zwei Fälle von Hüftgelenksluxationen, die durch eine Fixation der Patella nach oben kompliziert waren, sind beim Pony beobachtet worden. Klinisch fiel eine Rotation nach aussen im Kniegelenk und Huf auf und eine Rotation nach innen im Sprunggelenk, wobei Knie‐ und Sprunggelenk in Extension fixiert waren. Ein Fall wurde durch die Desmotomie des medialen Kniegelenksbandes behandelt. Damit konnte eine deutliche Verbesserung des Gangs erreicht werden. Andere Fälle von Hüftgelenksluxationen, zum Teil mit einer Patellarfixation nach oben, werden in der Literatur beschrieben und hier verarbeitet. Hüftgelenksluxationen treten vor allem bei Ponies auf. Es wird angenommen, dass die Fixation der Patella ein Resultat der daraus entstehenden Gliedmassenrotation sei, die die normale Anatomie und Mechanik im Femoropatellargelenk und/oder die normale Funktion des m. rectus femoris beeinträchtige.

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After laying their eggs and refilling the egg chamber, sea turtles scatter sand extensively around the nest site. This is presumed to camouflage the nest, or optimize local conditions for egg development, but a consensus on its function is lacking. We quantified activity and mapped the movements of hawksbill ( Eretmochelys imbricata ) and leatherback ( Dermochelys coriacea ) turtles during sand-scattering. For leatherbacks, we also recorded activity at each sand-scattering position. For hawksbills, we recorded breathing rates during nesting as an indicator of metabolic investment and compared with published values for leatherbacks. Temporal and inferred metabolic investment in sand-scattering was substantial for both species. Neither species remained near the nest while sand-scattering, instead moving to several other positions to scatter sand, changing direction each time, progressively displacing themselves from the nest site. Movement patterns were highly diverse between individuals, but activity at each sand-scattering position changed little between completion of egg chamber refilling and return to the sea. Our findings are inconsistent with sand-scattering being to directly camouflage the nest, or primarily for modifying the nest-proximal environment. Instead, they are consistent with the construction of a series of dispersed decoy nests that may reduce the discovery of nests by predators.

Correction to 'Buried treasure-marine turtles do not "disguise" or "camouflage" their nests but avoid them and create a decoy trail'.