Background The intraglandular application of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT‐A) is used in patients with neuromotor disorders to control the escape of saliva. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of repeated treatment with BoNT‐A on the submandibular‐sublingual complex of rats. Methods A total of 35 Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (C), in which animals were not treated; group B, treated with 2.5 U intraglandular injections of BoNT‐A (Prosigne®) and group G, that received bovine gelatine (Prosigne stabilizer). Three applications were performed in intervals of 35 days. Twelve and 35 days after ending the treatment, submandibular‐sublingual complex was collected for histological analysis. Immunohistochemical reactions for calponin and specific muscle actin were also performed, besides detection of apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Results A decrease in mucosal and serous acini diameter was observed, with increased interstitial space after 12 days of treatment with BoNT‐A, which was observed in a lesser degree on the 35th day. At 12 days, immunohistochemical analysis revealed a decrease in myoepithelial cells of serous acini in group B. TUNEL methods evidenced apoptosis in animals from group B. Conclusions BoNT‐A caused histological and cellular changes in submandibular‐sublingual complex, followed by a tendency toward reversal after 35 days. The reversal characteristic of cellular changes in the submandibular‐sublingual complex suggests that this BoNT‐A formulation may be safely used for sialorrhea treatment.
The treatment of sialorrhea is necessary for the constant risks posed by hypersalivation. A new therapeutic option comes up with the application of botulinum toxin in salivary glands. However, little is known about its mechanism of action in glandular tissue. Based on the above, this work had the objective to systematically review the literature about the action of botulinum toxin on submandibular and parotid salivary glands tissues. Electronic search was performed in databases of great relevance for this study (PubMed, SciELO, HighWire, Crossref, Scopus, Science Direct, MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, Serials Database, NLM Catalog, LILACS and IBECS). Inclusion and exclusion criteria for articles were established, and a total number of 14 articles were selected and used. There are few publications that clarify how the salivary gland acini behave with application of botulinum toxin. Although, the immunohistochemical findings were consistent among authors, showing weak immunoreactivity in glands treated with botulinum toxin. Histometric data are divergent, requiring more detailed studies to answer the questions about the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin in salivary glands.Keywords: botulinum toxins, salivary glands, sialorrhea, botulinum toxin type A.Achados histológicos e imunohistoquímicos da ação da toxina botulínica em glândula salivar: revisão sistemática ResumoO tratamento da sialorreia se faz necessário pelos constantes riscos trazidos por este estado de hipersalivação. Uma nova opção terapêutica surge com a aplicação da toxina botulínica em glândulas salivares. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre o seu mecanismo de ação no tecido glandular. Com base no exposto, este trabalho teve o objetivo de revisar sistematicamente na literatura a ação da toxina botulínica sobre o tecido das glândulas salivares submandibular e parótida. Foi realizada uma busca eletrônica em bases de dados de grande relevância para este estudo (PubMed, SciELO, HighWire, Crossref, Scopus, Science Direct, MEDLINE, OLDMEDLINE, Serials Database, NLM Catalog, LILACS e IBECS). Foram estabelecidos critérios de inclusão e exclusão para os artigos, e um "n" de 14 trabalhos foram selecionados e utilizados. São poucas as publicações que esclarecem como os ácinos das glândulas salivares se comportam mediante aplicação da toxina botulínica. Apesar de os achados imunohistoquímicos entre os autores serem concordantes, com imunorreatividade mais fracas nas glândulas tratadas com a toxina botulínica, os dados histométricos são divergentes e há questionamentos metodológicos, necessitando de mais estudos pormenorizados para responder as questões sobre a eficácia e segurança da toxina botulínica nas glândulas salivares.Palavras-chave: toxinas botulínicas, glândulas salivares, sialorreia, toxinas botulínicas tipo A.
The influence of caffeine, administered to rats, on the somatic and sensory-motor development of the offspring was investigated. Female Wistar rats were divided into a control group and a treated group and received drinking water and a 0.1% solution of caffeine orally, respectively. The offspring, also divided into a control group and a treated group, received daily monitoring until the 20 th day of life to verify alterations in somatic neural development. The offspring of the treated group had reduced weight on the day of birth and on the 1 st , 5 th , 15 th and 20 th days of life; shorter snout-anus length (evaluation done daily); shorter snout-tail length on the day of birth and on the 1 st , 5 th and 10 th days of life, and signs of retardation of somatic and sensory-motor maturation. These results allowed the conclusion that administration of caffeine to rats affects somatic and sensory-motor development of offspring.Uniterms: Caffeine/effects. Postnatal development. Central nervous system/stimulants. Estudou-se a influência da cafeína, administrada a ratos, no desenvolvimento somático e sensorial-motor da prole. Ratos Wistar fêmeas foram divididos em grupo controle e grupo tratado e receberam água e solução de cafeína a 0,1%, respectivamente. A prole, também dividida em grupo controle e grupo tratado, foi monitorada diariamente até o 20º. dia de vida para se observar as alterações no desenvolvimento somático neural. O grupo tratado apresentou peso reduzido no dia do nascimento e nos 1º, 5º., 15º e 20º. dias de vida; comprimento focinho-ânus mais curto (avaliação efetuada diariamente); comprimento focinho-cauda mais curto no dia do nascimento e nos 1º, 5º., 15º e 20º. dias de vida e sinais de retardamento da maturação somática e sensorial-motora. Esses resultados permitem que se conclua que a administração da cafeína a ratos afeta o desenvolvimento somático e sensorial-motor da prole.Unitermos: Cafeína/efeitos. Desenvolvimento pós-natal. Sistema Nervoso Central/estimulantes.
SUMMARY:This study proposes to measure and compare anthropometric measurements between toothed and toothless maxillas. 26 human skulls were used with: 13 toothed and 13 toothless maxillas. The measurements were made between the distances of the alveolar ridge (AR): the anterior nasal spine (ANS), to the incisive foramen (FI) and the palatine foramen, greater (FPMA) and lower (FPME) on both sides by two evaluators. The data obtained showed that the average of the measurements were correspondingly higher in toothed maxillas than in toothless, for all measurements in any one of the evaluators. The AR-ANS (p = 0.001), IF-AR (p = 0.006), AR-FPMA right (p = 0.001) and AR-FPMA left (p <0.001) and AR-FPME on both sides (p = 0.001) demonstrating significant differences between the two types of maxilla. Thus we verify that, as the tooth loss occurs, irreversible anatomical changes take place in the maxilla bone, which must be taken into account in the design and manufacture of prostheses and osseointegrated implants.
Introduction: when we relate anatomical characteristics of the human skeleton with the determination of the individual's biological profile, we commonly study the bony segments of the head and pelvis. However, in many forensic cases, these two segments are either not found or damaged, making it necessary to know and study other bony parts. The human clavicle is considered relatively resistant to taphonomic factors, being of extreme importance when it comes to archeology and forensic science. The present research aims to assist forensic professionals, anthropologists, and anatomists in the identification of individuals through analysis of the morphometric dimensions of clavicles, verifying their reliability as a tool to gender identification, as well as providing additional data for the possible construction of tables that correspond to the ethnicities of the Brazilian population. To reach the proposed objective, we used 102 pairs of clavicles, among which 37 pairs were of female and 65 of male subjects, all originated from the Human Bone Collection of the anatomy laboratory of Universidade Federal de Pernambuco. Six measurements were performed: maximum length, circumference of the diaphysis, height and width of acromial end, and height and width of sternal end. A morphological measurement called impression for costoclavicular ligament, also known as rhomboid fossa, was also observed.
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