No abstract

ABSTRACT. When decisions taken in the context of monetary price and monetary income are investigated, economists have naturally tended to focus their attention on the market activities of households. Consequently, a significant portion of the economic decisions that are taken in the non-market sphere have remained overlooked. Thus it has been recognised that it is necessary to take into account the production generated by households in the measurement of economic wealth. The aim of this paper is to analyse differences in the economic activity of selected Central and Eastern Europe societies. The use of traditional statistics and time-use data for this purpose made it possible to compare the conclusions that can be drawn using different sources of information. As the statistical material has been supplemented with time-use data, prior conclusions about creating the economic welfare of these societies needed to be modified. The different allocations of time in the individual societies and the different extents to which household production is substituted by market goods and services have an impact on the level of prosperity of households. The significant differences in terms of compensating for market work with household production which were observed when comparing the daily activity of unemployed men and women, turned out to be a common feature of the analysed populations.

The aim of this paper is to estimate the parameters of the household production function as well as assessing the monetary value of the goods and services produced. The existence of jointness seems to be supported not only by sheer intuition, but also by the results of the calculations presented in this study. In order to supplement the statistical material included in the timeuse database, data from the surveys on household budgets as well as remuneration structure by occupation were used. The results of the present study are similar to the findings published in other articles in the respect that market goods as inputs in the production process have been found to play a greater role in determining its value than the time spent by spouses. Thus, in the vast majority of cases, the elasticity of production relative to market goods is clearly greater than its elasticity in terms of time expenditure. So, if material inputs in household production are the function of their earnings, the latter will be one of the most important factors differentiating the value of the nonmarket production outputs of individuals.

ABSTRACT. It is assumed in this article that the prognostic value of qualitative indicators of consumer sentiment depends, to a large extent, on changes to consumers' wealth, which is connected with the situation in the labour market. Therefore, the main aim of the analysis is to verify the relationship of consumer survey results with the level of wealth and the financial condition of households. It is assumed that the predictive power of individual indicators of consumer opinions regarding the development of consumption is indirect, describing, among other things, the earning activities of the respondents. The calculations, which took into account time lags, econometric causality, and the construction of models of stepwise regression, indicate that Polish respondents evaluate their wealth and the economic condition of the country from the perspective of the situation in the labour market.JEL Classification: D10, D12, E27

Książka prezentuje nową ekonomię gospodarstwa domowego przez analizę alokacji czasu z użyciem narządzi statystycznych. Autor przeprowadził badania, których głównym celem było wyjaśnienie sposobów alokacji łącznego zasobu czasu w polskich gospodarstwach domowych w procesie maksymalizowania użyteczności z konsumpcji. Chcąc zidentyfikować czynniki, które determinują alokację czasu, odwołano się do cech społeczno-demograficznych i ekonomicznych osób i gospodarstw domowych, szczególnie zwrócono uwagę na sposoby gospodarowania czasem w zależności od płci.

In societies that undergo transformation such as those in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe, in the opinion of many, the value of people's time changes. This produces changes in the structure of consumption and the supply of labour. Most probably, at least during the initial years of transition, there is a growing awareness of the time wastage that occurred under the previous system (queuing for basic necessities, plus very limited availability of equipment to facilitate and accelerate household chores). In pre-1989 Poland, where market rules did not apply, three time-use surveys were conducted for the entire adult population of the country (1975-1976; 1982; 1984). Looking at their findings, one must take into account the ''exceptional'' circumstances in which the population had to function-a shortage of goods and services, regulated prices, and no official unemployment are just some of the features of the socialist system. After the change in the socioeconomic system, in the years 2003-2004, another representative time use survey was conducted. The results showed time allocation under completely different conditions-with distinct cyclical fluctuations in the economy, real wages rising, involuntary unemployment, and the supply of household appliances. The purpose of this article is to compare the differences in time allocation, which result not only from the passage of time. The results from 1984 describe Polish people functioning under conditions created by so-called real socialism. Two decades later, the survey reveals the picture of time use in this society in an economic environment that has been to a large extent liberalized.

The aim of this paper is to analyse changes in the propensity to consume and to save in Polish households by means of qualitative indicators of consumer sentiment. The available data made it possible to observe the evolution in attitudes over the course of more than 20 years in Poland including the period of COVID-19 pandemic. The presented results also include an analysis of the changes in the level of household uncertainty, which can be observed in the assessments and forecasts of both their own financial situation and the country’s economic condition. Taking into account the fact that consumer demand is the most important element of GDP, the obtained results do not indicate a quick return of the Polish economy to a path of dynamic growth. Among households, not only has the willingness to buy durable goods decreased, but at the same time, the uncertainty related to their own financial situation has grown.