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This paper investigates physico-mechanical and petrographic attributes of Paleocene Lockhart Limestone which is measured, sampled and described from Rumli (RUM) and Shah Allah Ditta (SAD) sections of Islamabad. Petrographic analysis delineates that the limestone is categorized mainly into mudstone and wackestone microfacies and dominant presence of the micrite matrix favors the strength of the rock, whereas; veins, microfractures and porosities adversely affect the stability of the rock. Based on the UCS and PLT analyses, limestone samples incorporating the lowest porosities partnered with bioclasts encompass the highest UCS and PLT values and vice versa. The physico-mechanical analyses reveal that the limestone aggregates are within limits of the respective standards (ASTM, AASHTO, BS and NHA) for utilization in wearing, coating, cement concrete. The limestone of both sections can be utilized for geotechnical purposes like crushed material and aggregate source. Simple regression analysis was employed and based on these correlations; the limestone of the studied formation is designated as moderately strong and recommended for road or bridge construction purposes.

This study aims to address the following question: what are the licensing conditions for the Urdu/Hindi polar question particle kya's multiple concept selection behaviour? More specifically, what is the nature of contexts in which kya contributes both interrogative and mirative meanings, and how can such a phenomenon be characterized in terms of cognitive semantic compositional processes? To address this research question, the present study uses the Lexical Concept and Cognitive Model (Evans, 2009) as its theoretical underpinnings. This framework proposes the constructs of Lexical Concept and Cognitive Model to account for the mechanisms of semantic composition for polyfunctional phenomena. The study employs multiple data sources such as naturally occurring data, individual and dialogical introspections and Urdu Lughat.The study finds that to encode interrogative as well as mirative meanings, the polar kya undergoes the semantic compositional processes of lexical concept selection, integration and interpretation for final information characterization. The study concludes that kya can encode multiple lexical concepts in certain contexts, and its pragmatic functions result from construal imposed on the propositional content in the prior discourse. Theoretically the study shows that linguistic form-meaning relation is shaped by actual use.

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The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is an ongoing mega-construction project in Pakistan that necessitates further exploration of new natural resources of aggregate to facilitate the extensive construction. Therefore, the Late Permian strata of Chhidru and Wargal Limestone for aggregates resources were envisaged to evaluate their optimal way of construction usage through detailed geotechnical, geochemical, and petrographic analyses. Geotechnical analysis was performed under BS and ASTM standards with the help of employing different laboratory tests. A simple regression analysis was employed to ascertain mutual correlations between physical parameters. Based on the petrographic analysis, the Wargal Limestone is classified into mudstones and wackestone, and Chhidru Formation is categorized into wackestone and floatstone microfacies, both containing primary constituents of calcite and bioclasts. The geochemical analysis revealed that the Wargal Limestone and Chhidru Formation encompass calcium oxide (CaO) as the dominant mineral content. These analyses also depicted that the Wargal Limestone aggregates bear no vulnerability to alkali-aggregate reactions (AAR), whereas the Chhidru Formation tends to be susceptible to AAR and deleterious. Moreover, the coefficient of determination and strength characteristics, for instance, unconfined compressive strength and point load test were found inversely associated with bioclast concentrations and directly linked to calcite contents. Based on the geotechnical, petrographic, and geochemical analyses, the Wargal Limestone proved to be a significant potential source for both small and large-scale construction projects, such as CPEC, but the Chhidru Formation aggregates should be used with extra caution due to high silica content.