This paper reviews regeneration research during the past 20 years. The focus is mainly on planting of Norway spruce and Scots pine. Research on root morphology and nursery practices has played an important role in the introduction of containerized seedlings in northern Europe. In recent years, mini-seedlings have been tested. Conventionally, seedlings are planted in spring and early autumn but recent research indicates that Norway spruce seedlings can be planted from spring until the end of September. Soil temperature strongly influences seedling establishment in the harsh northern Scandinavian climate and a good way to increase soil temperature is to plant in elevated planting spots, which can be achieved by mounding. Soil scarification also reduces competition from field vegetation and damage by pine weevils. In southern Finland, Sweden and Norway, pine weevils are by far the most serious causes of damage to both Norway spruce and Scots pine. Therefore, designing regeneration treatments for decreasing pine weevil damage without using insecticides is one of the more important current research challenges. Examples of possible future trends in forest regeneration research are an emphasis on more basic research, use of fast growing tree species, multidisciplinary approaches and site-specific regeneration regimes.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Soil preparation method affects outplanting success of Norway spruce container seedlings on till soils susceptible to frost heave Heiskanen J., Saksa T., Luoranen J. (2013). Soil preparation method affects outplanting success of Norway spruce container seedlings on till soils susceptible to frost heave. Silva Fennica vol. 47 no. 1 article id 893. 17 p. AbstractSoil preparation is a common practice that precedes outplanting of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Finland as it enhances the survival and early growth of seedlings. Mounding in particular has become more common with Norway spruce planting in recent years. However, on fine-grained soils, the postplanting performance of seedlings has been poorer than on coarser soils even with mounding. This study examined the effects of different soil preparation treatments (spot and ditch mounding with varying mound height, inverting, unprepared control with or without a herbicide) on the postplanting performance of Norway spruce container seedlings on till soil susceptible to frost heave in two outplanting forest sites in central Finland. The results indicate higher soil temperature and lower soil water content especially in the highest mounds. Mounds, however, subsided gradually during the study years. Seedling mortality was higher and the proportion of vigorous seedlings was lower in the unprepared treatments, mainly due to increased pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) damage. Frost heave was present mainly on ditch mounded and inverted spots. Glyphosate herbicide treatment showed no benefit compared to the untreated control in two years. Consequently, seedling damage and conditions in the planting spots were reflected in seedling growth which was enhanced in the mounded spots. However, varying mound height or thickness of mineral capping showed no clear difference in seedling growth. The results therefore suggest that ditch or spot mounding should be used on frost heave susceptible forest soils to promote plantation establishment. Inverting or having no soil preparation with or without herbicide is not recommended.