We could not find clear evidence that PAH exposure induces oxidative DNA damage.

Enterobacter sakazakii is an emerging foodborne pathogen associated with severe diseases in neonates. Infant formula milk (IFM) has been identified as one of the major contaminated sources and a transmission vehicle. To determine the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of this pathogen, 22 E. sakazakii strains isolated from IFM by an FDA-recommended method and PCR on the alpha-glucosidase gene were subtyped by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR, and antibiotic resistance patterns. At a similarity threshold of 80%, 16 ERIC-PCR fingerprint types were identified with a discriminatory power (D) of 0.933, and 18 RAPD-PCR types were identified with D of 0.973. Resistance to 9 antibiotics tested by disk diffusion assay revealed 6 antibiotic resistance patterns with D of 0.749. The comparison of characterization indicated that RAPD-PCR and ERIC-PCR have high discriminatory power showing genetic diversity of E. sakazakii isolates, and ERIC-PCR patterns showed a closer correlation than RAPD-PCR patterns to phenotypic characterization and the brands of IFM. Overall, the ERIC-PCR typing method could be used for tracing sources of E. sakazakii isolates in the food chain.

Aim:  To evaluate the different tissues of naturally contaminated oyster for food‐borne virus detection. Methods and Results:  The different tissues of 136 field oyster samples were analysed for norovirus (NV), hepatitis A virus (HAV) and rotavirus (RV) by reverse transcription (RT)‐PCR and were confirmed by sequencing. These viruses were detected in 20 samples (14·71%), showing positivity for NV (1·47%), HAV (5·15%) and RV (8·82%). Furthermore, among different tissues, the highest positive rate of the food‐borne viruses was found in the gills (14·71%), followed by the stomach (13·97%) and the digestive diverticula (13·24%). Conclusions:  The food‐borne viruses were detected in the gills, stomach, digestive diverticula and the cilia of the mantle. In addition, the results showed that the gills are one of the appropriate tissues for viral detection in oysters by nucleic acid assay. Significance and Impact of the Study:  This is the first paper to report on the presence of food‐borne viruses in the gills and the cilia of the mantle of naturally contaminated oysters. The research team hopes that the results of the study will be of help in sampling the appropriate tissues for the detection of food‐borne viruses in commercial oysters.