Small perturbations and strong impurity exhaust capability associated with the small grassy ELMs render the grassy-ELM regime a suitable candidate for achieving steady-state H-mode operation with a radiative divertor, especially in a metal-wall device, such as the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). As the degradation of pedestal performance with excessive divertor impurity seeding or accumulation tends to be accompanied with significantly increased radiation near the divertor X point, feedback control of the absolute extreme ultraviolet (AXUV) radiation near the X point has been employed to maintain the confinement property in EAST. However, the absolute value of the AXUV radiation at the outer target varies with plasma conditions as during the divertor detachment process. Thus, a new feedback-control scheme has been recently developed and applied to grassy-ELM H-mode plasmas in EAST to achieve stationary partial detachment while maintaining good global energy confinement with H 98,y2 >1. In this scheme, electron temperatures (T et) measured by divertor Langmuir probes are used to identify the onset of detachment, and then the plasma control system (PCS) switches to the feedback control of one channel of AXUV radiation near the X point, where a steep gradient in the radiation profile is present. The feedback is performed through pulse-width-modulated duty cycle of a piezo valve to seed impurities with mixed gas (50% Ne and 50% D2) from the outer target plate near the strike point in the upper tungsten monoblock divertor. T et near the strike point is maintained in the range of 5–8 eV, and peak surface temperature on the outer target plate (T IR,peak) is suppressed and maintained at ∼180 °C, based on infrared camera measurements. The plasma stored energy maintains nearly constant over the entire feedback-control period. It thus offers a highly promising plasma control scenario suitable for long-pulse high-performance H-mode operation in EAST, which is potentially applicable to future steady-state fusion reactors as an integrated solution for the control of both ELM-induced transient and steady-state divertor heat loads while maintaining good core confinement.

High-quality straight and multiply kinked CdTe nanowires (NWs) were synthesized by the facile chemical vapor deposition method at 600 °C. The as-synthesized NWs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The straight CdTe NWs have single crystalline zinc blende structure with growth direction along the ⟨111⟩ direction. Their PL spectra consist only sharp near band edge emission around 824.3 nm. The multiply kinked CdTe NWs contain one or more fixed (∼125.2°) angle joints; each arm of the kinked NWs is single crystalline with similar selected area electron diffraction pattern as that of the straight CdTe NWs. The two growth directions in the multiply kinked CdTe NWs are ⟨200⟩ and ⟨111⟩. Single straight and kinked CdTe NW photoresponse devices were fabricated and testified to have high photocurrent decay ratio, high responsivity, fast response time, and no decay tail under 633 nm He–Ne laser illumination. These straight and multiply kinked CdTe NWs may open up potential applications in the bottom-up integrated nanoelectronic and nanophotonic systems, such as photovoltaic and multiterminal nanodevices etc.

The complete cytochrome b and the control region of mtDNA (about 2070 bp in total) of 10 strains belonging to three subspecies of the common carp, including three wild subspecies (the Yangtze River wild common carp -Cyprinus carpio haematopterus, Yuanjiang River wild common carpCyprinus carpio rubrofuscus and Volga River wild common carp -Cyprinus carpio carpio) and seven domestic strains (Xingguo red carp, Russian scattered scaled mirror carp, Qingtian carp, Japanese Koi carp, purse red carp, Big-belly carp, German mirror carp) were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 10 strains form three distinct clades, corresponding to C. c. haematopterus, C. c. rubrofuscus and C. c. carpio respectively. Purse red carp, an endemic domestic strain in Jiangxi province of China, showed a higher evolution rate in comparison with the other strains of C. c. haematopterus, most probably because of intensive selection and a long history of domestication. Base variation ratios among the three subspecies varied from 0.78% (between C. c. haematopterus and C. c. rubrofuscus) to 1.47%(between C. c. carpio and C. c. rubrofuscus). The topography of the phylogenetic tree and the geographic distribution of three subspecies closely resemble each other. The divergence time between C. c. carpio and the other two subspecies was estimated to be about 0.9 Myr and about 0.5 Myr between C. c. haematopterus and C. c. rubrofuscus. Based on phylogenetic analysis, C. c. rubrofuscus might have diverged from C. c. haematopterus.