Soils are vital for supporting food security and other ecosystem services. Climate change can affect soil functions both directly and indirectly. Direct effects include temperature, precipitation, and moisture regime changes. Indirect effects include those that are induced by adaptations such as irrigation, crop rotation changes, and tillage practices. Although extensive knowledge is available on the direct effects, an understanding of the indirect effects of agricultural adaptation options is less complete. A review of 20 agricultural adaptation case‐studies across Europe was conducted to assess implications to soil threats and soil functions and the link to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The major findings are as follows: (a) adaptation options reflect local conditions; (b) reduced soil erosion threats and increased soil organic carbon are expected, although compaction may increase in some areas; (c) most adaptation options are anticipated to improve the soil functions of food and biomass production, soil organic carbon storage, and storing, filtering, transforming, and recycling capacities, whereas possible implications for soil biodiversity are largely unknown; and (d) the linkage between soil functions and the SDGs implies improvements to SDG 2 (achieving food security and promoting sustainable agriculture) and SDG 13 (taking action on climate change), whereas the relationship to SDG 15 (using terrestrial ecosystems sustainably) is largely unknown. The conclusion is drawn that agricultural adaptation options, even when focused on increasing yields, have the potential to outweigh the negative direct effects of climate change on soil degradation in many European regions.
During 2011-2014 the effects of fertigation and storage on certain quality attributes of potato tubers (Courage variety) and their extracted starches were assessed. The effect of those factors on the FFQ was also evaluated. When processed, potato tubers are exposed to high temperatures (frying) and this can cause unfavorable physico-chemical changes in the starch quality. The highest content of AM and P tot in starch, as well as the starch lightest in color, were obtained from the tubers of potatoes irrigated and fertigated with a soil fertilizer. The use of a soil fertilizer increased the P tot content in starch and the share of starch grains in the desired fractions (20-40 mm). All experimental factors had an unfavorable effect on starch pasting temperature and a positive effect on the DM and starch contents in the tubers of the studied cultivar. A highly significant positive effect, i.e., a decreased water content after defrosting, was recorded after irrigation with fertigation. The most favorable FFQ was found immediately after the harvest of potatoes grown with the application of all the factors, while the process of storage decreased FFQ by 4.3%.
In Poland, under conditions of the moderate climate and transition between maritime and continental climates, the average rainfall totals of the growing season are in the range of 350–400 mm; however, they are distinguished by great temporal and spatial variability. Climatological studies demonstrate that the drought frequency is approximately 30%. Therefore, under such conditions, irrigation has a supplementary and intervention nature and is applied only when dry periods occur. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of sprinkler irrigation and increased nitrogen fertilization on the yield and quality of sugar beet roots and yield of sugar. The average increase of the yield under irrigation was 18.1 t·ha−1 which constituted a 22.8% increase in the yield. Furthermore, there was a marked tendency of a higher sugar content in the roots of irrigated plants. The absolute, relative, and unit average sugar beet root yield increases obtained under the influence of sprinkler irrigation and the lack of a significant diversity in the sugar content in roots confirm that irrigation contributed to an appropriate pace of plant growth and development. The increased rate of nitrogen fertilization (N2) of 160 kg N·ha−1 plus an additional 40 kg N·ha−1 resulted in the significantly greater root yields compared to the control (N1) (160 kg N·ha−1), i.e., an average of 7.6 t·ha−1 (9%). Based on the crop-water production function, the maximum root yields were obtained for the N1 rate at a total precipitation and irrigation amount of 382 mm, compared with 367 mm for the N2 rate.
The objective of the work, carried out as part of research programme on current change of the regional climate, was to confirm the hypothesis about the increasing frequency and intensity of droughts in May and June in the region of Kujawsko-Pomorskie (central Poland) in the years 1981-2010. Furthermore, the aim was to confirm a significant relationship between indicators characterizing meteorological and agricultural droughts. Material for the research was the data from five meteorological measuring points located in the region. Atmospheric precipitation and air temperature in the period of high water needs of cereals and rapeseed (May-June) were used. Statistical methods widespread in climatological studies were applied, particularly the method of trends. The average multiannual totals (1981-2010) of rainfall in May-June allow ranking the region of Kujawsko-Pomorskie into the area of the lowest rainfall in Poland. The frequency of meteorological drought in May and June is 23.3-30.0% in the region. In the analyzed period there were no significant changes in the frequency and intensity of these droughts with the passage of years. Rainfall shortages in cereal crops and rapeseed production range on average from-19 to-35 mm, and extend to maximum of-93 to-117 mm. The values of shortages did not show any significant changes in the years of the study. The significant dependence between the indicators of meteorological and agricultural droughts allows for determination of the rainfall shortages in crop production on the basis of the SPI values.
The primary purpose of this work was to assess the need for irrigation in sugar beet cultivated in the temperate climate of the Kujawsko-Pomorskie region of Poland based on meteorological data from the period 1981–2010. The work was also aimed at determining the tendency of changes in the frequency and intensity of droughts during the period of high water needs for sugar beets (spanning July–August) and confirming the hypothesis that agricultural drought may be identified based on the indicator of meteorological drought—Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The occurrence of meteorological droughts amounted to 26.7–40.0%, depending on location. No significant trend of increasing dryness was found; however, quite the opposite, an upward tendency was identified, which indicates an improvement of precipitation conditions over time. It was found that sugar beet production in a temperate climate is carried out in the conditions of precipitation deficits, which amount to an average of 32–49 mm and a maximum of 112–173 mm in July–August, but the deficits showed neither significant nor targeted changes with time. A strong, significant relationship between meteorological (SPI) and agricultural (Pdef) drought indicators allows for a determination of sugar beet irrigation needs solely based on information on normalized precipitation values (SPI).
Meteorological measurements carried out in 1986-2015 were used to evaluate the climatic risk for soybean cultivation in the transitional type of moderate climate in Poland, as well the directions and the significance of changes in the meteorological indices were considered. Their analysis led to determination of the following unfavourable climatic conditions for soybean cultivation: shortening of the active growth period, a delay of the date on which the soil warms up to 8 °C at a depth of 5 cm, occurrences of meteorological and agricultural droughts and of late spring ground frosts. All indices of the climatic risk in soybean cultivation demonstrated high temporal variability. Significant trends of changes for the following indices were observed: an increase in the number of moderate and strong frosts and an earlier start of the period when soil reaches 8 °C at a depth of 5 cm. For 2000-2015, in relation to the previous 15-year period of 1986-2000, it was found that temporal variability increased for the number of moderate and strong late spring frosts and for the date of the last late spring frost. On the other hand, variability was reduced in regard to the beginning and the length of the period of active growth of plants, as well as precipitation shortages and surpluses in the period when soybean water needs are intensified.
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