Tables 1 Differences in forest estate category by function 2 Forest cover in 1990, based on MoEF forest estate data from 2018 3 Changes in forest estate composition over time 4 Forest cover in regions of Indonesia (ha excluding bodies of water) 5 Areas and percentages of different forest estate categories in each region of Indonesia 6 Differences between deforestation and forest degradation datasets 7 Deforestation in Kapuas Hulu and Berau districts in Indonesia 8 Indonesia total forest area (ha) from different forest data sources 9 Comparison of forest certification and timber-legality verification schemes in Indonesia 10 A short history of social forestry in Indonesia 11 Differences between two plantation permit schemes 12 Emissions reduction targets from five mitigation sectors in RAN-GRK 13 Mitigation activities in the forestry and peatlands sector in RAN-GRK 14 Projected BAU and emissions reductions from each sector 15 Summary of division of emissions reduction tasks and responsibilities within MoEF 16 Distribution of mandates in the oil palm moratorium 17 Palm oil-related licenses evaluated under Presidential Instruction No. 8/2018 18 Mandated follow-up measures based on evaluation results 19 Types of environment funds Box
Current Ethiopian policies and laws recognize the importance of equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms for natural resource management. The question of 'what is fair' is often unclear in practice. We pursue this question in the context of benefit sharing for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in Ethiopia. We present findings from interviews conducted in 2017 with 33 national REDD+ actors, and a review of national policies and laws until 2020 to understand Ethiopia's policy and legal framework, and vision for a REDD+ benefit-sharing mechanism. Our
findings show that Ethiopia is progressing in developing a benefit-sharing mechanism (BSM) for REDD+. Government policies on benefit sharing are pro-poor with an emphasis on legal rights. Among the various concepts of fairness, more stakeholders agreed that benefits should be shared according
to efforts made to reduce deforestation and forest degradation rather than being based on poverty or legal rights. Left unattended, we believe this divergence of opinion on 'what is fair' opens the potential for questions regarding the legitimacy of the REDD+ BSM among stakeholders in general
and can pose practical implementation challenges. We suggest that establishing open dialogue, learning mechanisms and inclusive processes can lead to regulations, policies and procedures that clarify and harmonize the different views on fairness over time.
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