Northwest China includes Xinjiang Ugyur Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Gansu Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province, covering 308×10 4 km 2 . It is located in the warm-temperate zone and the climate is arid or semi-arid. Precipitation is very scarce but evaporation is extremely high. The climate is dry, the water resources are deficient, the eco-environment is fragile, and the distribution of water resources is uneven. In this region, precipitation is the only input, and evaporation is the only output in the inland rivers, and precipitation, surface water and groundwater change with each other for many times, which benefits the storage and utilization of water resources.The average precipitation in this region is 232 mm, the total precipitation amount is 7003×10 8 m 3 /a, the surface water resources are 1891×10 8 m 3 /a, the total natural groundwater resources are 1150×10 8 m 3 /a, the total available water resources are 438×10 8 m 3 /a, and the total water resources are 1996×10 8 m 3 /a and per capita water resources are 2278 m 3 /a. The water resources of the whole area are 5.94×10 4 m 3 /(a.km 2 ), being only one-fifth of the mean value in China. Now, the available water resources are 876×10 8 m 3 /a, among which groundwater is proximate 130×10 8 m 3 /a.
The Yellow River basin, which is one of China's most important river basins, is facing serious challenges of a rapidly developing society demanding more water while previous over-exploitation and climate change mean less is becoming available. Based on reviews and analysis, developments in the legislative and administrative arrangements in the Yellow River basin, the goal of this research is to achieve integrated management of quantity and quality, surface and ground water, river and watershed. The question is how to bring about the necessary regulatory controls and behavior changes by legal instruments or by policy and administrative means, by developing a special Yellow River Law or by developing national legislative and political mechanisms and implementing appropriately to the special needs of the Yellow River basin.
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