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Homogeneous hydrolysis of aluminum by decomposition of urea in solution was achieved because the urea coordinates to the Al3+ in solution, forming [Al(H2O)5 (urea)]3+ and to a lesser extent [Al(H2O)4 (urea)2]3+. Upon hydrolysis more hydrolyzed monomeric species, [Al(H2O)5 (OH)]2+, [Al(H2O)4 (OH)2]+, [Al(H2O)4 (urea)(OH)]2+, and [Al(H2O)3 (urea)(OH)2]+, were formed, followed by trimeric species and the Al13 Keggin complex [AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12]7+. The 27Al NMR spectra indicated the formation of other complexes in addition to the Al13 at the end of the hydrolysis reaction.

Carbon nanofibers (CNF) are non-microporous graphitic materials with a high surface area (100-200 m 2 /g), high purity and tunable surface chemistry. Therefore the material has a high potential for use as catalyst support. However, in some instances it is claimed that the low density and low mechanical strength of the macroscopic particles hamper their application. In this study we show that the bulk density and mechanical strength of CNF bodies can be tuned to values comparable to that of commercial fluid-bed and fixed-bed catalysts. The fibers were prepared by the chemical decomposition of CO/H 2 over Ni/SiO 2 catalysts. The resulting fibers bodies (1.2 m mm) were replicates of the Ni/SiO 2 bodies (0.5 mm) from which they were grown. The bulk density of CNF bodies crucially depended on the metal loading in the growth catalyst. Over 5 wt% Ni/SiO 2 low density bodies (0.4 g/ml) are obtained while 20 wt% Ni/SiO 2 leads to bulk densities up to 0.9 g/ml with a bulk crushing strength of 1.2 MPa. The 20 wt% catalysts grow fibers with diameters of 22 nm, which grow irregularly in space, resulting in a higher entanglement and a concomitant higher density and strength as compared to the thinner fibers (12 nm) grown from 5 wt% Ni/SiO 2 .