Two experiments were designed to determine the influence of behavior during shock on subsequent impairment of conventional shuttle escape-avoidance learning in the rat. Amount of activity during shock was manipulated by an explicit negative reinforcement procedure for nonmovement during an otherwise movement-producing shock. Only head and shoulder inactivity (measured by means of head panels) was required to escape shock in Experiment 1, whereas whole-body immobility (transduced with an ultrasonic motion detector) was required in Experiment 2. Yoked groups received physically identical but inescapable shock treatments; unrestrained and restrained groups were not shock treated in either study. The results of both experiments indicated that of the two shock treatments, the escapable shock condition resulted in lower overall terminal movement levels during treatment shock as well as in greater subsequent impairment of shuttle box escape-avoidance performance. Also it was observed that maximum levels of interference were sustained for a longer period during testing following the escapable shock procedure ,in Experiment 2 that involved whole-body inactivity. These results suggest that behavior during shock rather than shock uncontrollability may be the critical determinant of subsequent shuttle interference in the rat. These findings are viewed as support for a general competing-response conception of shuttle interference effects.Impairment of conventional, two-way, led to the now well-known view that unconescape-avoidance learning has been shown in trollability, that is, inescapability, of shock is dogs after exposure to a treatment involving the sole determinant of this so-called shuttle a series of inescapable shocks (
The influence of differing temporal forms of inescapable shock on movement during shock and subsequent interference with escape-avoidance learning in the rat was examined using procedures patterned after those of Overmier and Seligman (1967). Results indicated that a series of inescapable shocks of an intermittent nature produced sustained movement during shock and no subsequent interference, whereas comparable exposure to a series of noninterrupted shocks resulted in immobility during shock and marked interference. Several interpretations of these findings were discussed and their implications for theoretical conceptions of the interference phenomenon were explored.
Thirty-five medical students were administered one of two combination forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and the WAIS-Revised (R) in a single session, with the WAIS and WAIS-R components presented in a counterbalanced order using a procedure that avoided the repetition of identical items. The WAIS IQ scores were higher than were the WAIS-R scores. The following tendency was noted: The higher the WAIS Full Scale IQ, the smaller the Full Scale IQ difference between the two tests. Unexpectedly, the Verbal minus Performance discrepancy was found to be greater on the WAIS-R than on the WAIS.
Two experiments investigated the relationship between activity during shock and the magnitude of subsequent impairment of shock-elicited fighting in the rat. Different levels of intrashock activity were engendered in two ways. In Experiment I, differing temporal forms of inescapable shock were employed to produce markedly different levels of activity. In Experiment 2, a passive-escape procedure was used to explicitly reinforce nonmovement during shock relative to a yoked, inescapable shock control. Results indicated that relative to the performance of subjects not previously shocked, fighting impairment was produced only by those prior treatments that promoted reduced intrashock activity. Since one of the prior shock treatments involved inescapable shock but the other did not, these findings may be viewed as strong support for the notion that behavior during shock, rather than uncontrollability, is the critical determinant of the observed impairment effects. There was some suggestion in both studies that shock treatments that resulted in sustained or increased intrashock activity tended to produce augmentation of fighting. Both inhibitory and facilitative effects of prior shock exposure are discussed in terms of an interacting response theory of shock treatment effects.Recently, support has been provided for the view that levels of activity exhibited by rats during inescapable shock may be a determinant of the magnitude of subsequent impairment with escape-avoidance learning produced by such experience. Much of this evidence stems from experiments that attempted manipulations of activity levels during inescapable shock in an effort to establish the relationship between this factor and subsequent interference. One procedure involved variation in the temporal form of inescapable shock as a means of producing different levels of intrashock activity (Crowell, Lupo, Cunningham, & Anderson, 1978; Lawry, Lupo, Overmier, Kochevar, Hollis, & Anderson, 1978). A rapidly interrupted (i.e., pulsating) dc shock produced sustained levels of intrashock movement, whereas a noninterrupted (i.e., continuous) shock resulted in the development of relative immobility during shock. In another procedure (Anderson, Crowell, Cunningham, & Lupo, 1971), a passive-escape paradigm was employed for one group to reduce activity levels during pulsating shock below those exhibited by subjects in a yoked condition comparably exposed to inescapable shock. With both of these procedures, a negative relation was observed between movement during the initial shock treatment and magnitude of later interference with escape-avoidance learning. The results of these studies were interpreted by Anderson et al. (1979) as support for the view that, through learning or some related process, rats may develop immobility tendencies in the presence of shock stimuli during the initial treatment. Such reactions, if they recurred during test shock, would be expected to compete with the active responding required by the escape-avoidance task. EXPERIMENT 1One implicat...
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