In studies of the mere exposure effect, rapid presentation of items can increase liking without accurate recognition. The effect on liking has been explained as a misattribution of fluency caused by prior presentation. However, fluency is also a source of feelings of familiarity. It is, therefore, surprising that prior experience can enhance liking without also causing familiarity-based recognition. We suggest that when study opportunities are minimal and test items are perceptually similar, people adopt an analytic approach, attempting to recognize distinctive features. That strategy fails because rapid presentation prevents effective encoding of such features; it also prevents people from experiencing fluency and a consequent feeling of familiarity. We suggest that the liking-without-recognition effect results from using an effective (nonanalytic) strategy in judging pleasantness, but an ineffective (analytic) strategy in recognition. Explanations of the mere exposure effect based on a distinction between implicit and explicit memory are unnecessary.

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BackgroundPeople with pulmonary fibrosis often experience a protracted time to diagnosis, high symptom burden and limited disease information. This review aimed to identify the supportive care needs reported by people with pulmonary fibrosis and their caregivers.MethodsA systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Studies that investigated the supportive care needs of people with pulmonary fibrosis or their caregivers were included. Supportive care needs were extracted and mapped to eight pre-specified domains using a framework synthesis method.ResultsA total of 35 studies were included. The most frequently reported needs were in the domain of information/education, including information on supplemental oxygen, disease progression and prognosis, pharmacological treatments and end-of-life planning. Psychosocial/emotional needs were also frequently reported, including management of anxiety, anger, sadness and fear. An additional domain of “access to care” was identified that had not been specified a priori; this included access to peer support, psychological support, specialist centres and support for families of people with pulmonary fibrosis.ConclusionPeople with pulmonary fibrosis report many unmet needs for supportive care, particularly related to insufficient information and lack of psychosocial support. These data can inform the development of comprehensive care models for people with pulmonary fibrosis and their loved ones.

The design of a publisher's electronic interface can have a measurable effect on electronic journal usage statistics. A study of journal usage from six COUNTERcompliant publishers at thirty-two research institutions in the United States, the United Kingdom and Sweden indicates that the ratio of PDF to HTML views is not consistent across publisher interfaces, even after controlling for differences in publisher content.The number of fulltext downloads may be artificially inflated when publishers require users to view HTML versions before accessing PDF versions or when linking mechanisms, such as CrossRef, direct users to the full text, rather than the abstract, of each article. These results suggest that usage reports from COUNTER-compliant publishers are not directly comparable in their current form. One solution may be to modify publisher numbers with 'adjustment factors' deemed to be representative of the benefit or disadvantage due to its interface. Standardization of some interface and linking protocols may obviate these differences and allow for more accurate cross-publisher comparisons.2

Using the frameworks of attachment and social hierarchy theories, strategies seen in depression and in normal life are better understood. A hierarchial encounter elicits the "Involuntary Subordinate Strategy" ("ISS") in the loser, which terminates the "ISS" and brings the encounter to an end. These are psychophysiological mechanisms deeply rooted in our phylogenetic ancestry. Loss of a love object also elicits ineffective anger or rage which may, in turn, trigger the ISS. A prolonged intense ISS manifests in depression. Factors are examined that prevent "acceptance" of losing, thereby contributing to an escalation of the ISS and culminating in depressive illness. Psychotherapeutic implications include cognitive restructuring to enable the patient to explore options that might turn off the ISS such as "acceptance" (without making negative self-evaluations), changing unrealistic ideals and aspirations, leaving the scene, or becoming more self-assertive. Case examples are given to illustrate these interventions.

Summary• The strength and consistency of genotypic differences in disease resistance determine the potential for resistance evolution in host populations that rely on vegetative reproduction. Here we surveyed infection intensity of host genotypes across space and time to estimate genotypic and environmental effects on quantitative disease resistance.• Cloned fragments of 12 Euthamia graminifolia genotypes were grown in unweeded experimental fields and outdoor pots. Infection intensity was surveyed during 2 yr of natural infection by the non-systemic rust pathogen, Coleosporium asterum .• Five of six surveys detected infection intensity differences among genotypes, despite substantial variation in mean infection intensity across surveys. When resistance was defined relative to local pathogen density, 10 -40% of resistance variation was due to host genotype. Although two genotypes exhibited greater resistance across environments, G × E interactions in resistance were common. Furthermore, infection intensity was unrelated to host size.• We conclude that quantitative resistance level can evolve in this system and show how logistic analysis (relative to local pathogen density) can provide insight into the mechanism(s) responsible for G × E interactions in infection intensity.