The dog provides an important model to study the effect of neural stimulation of different parts of the central and peripheral nervous systems. A multitude of experiments on neurostimulation and neuromodulation to ensure bladder evacuation have been conducted on dogs. The present article reviews the most prominent contributions in the English literature related to neurostimulation using the dog as an experimental model. The various modes of stimulation using dogs as a model and the rationale for their use as well as their shortcomings will be examined. The prominent anatomic features in the neural control of the bladder and the technical aspects involved in neurostimulation of the canine bladder will be reviewed.
We describe a computerized experimental system to investigate the effect of early electrical stimulation of the bladder during the spinal shock phase in paraplegic dogs. This system is composed of two main devices; an external part (or controller) based on a portable microcomputer, and a versatile implant (internal) based on a multichannel CMOS microstimulator. Using a new operative technique, this system enabled us to obtain many favorable results.
We describe a computerized experimental system to investigate the effect of early electrical stimulation of the bladder during the spinal shock phase in paraplegic dogs. This system is composed of two main devices: an external part (or controller) based on a portable microcomputer, and a versatile implant (internal) based on a multichannel CMOS microstimulator. Using a new operative technique, this system enabled us to obtain many favorable results. Published
ChemInform Abstract The allylalkoxysilane (I) reacts with the aldehydes (II) in the presence of aluminum trichloride to yield the cis-4-chloro-2,6-disubstituted tetrahydropyrans (III). When the reaction of the allylsilane (IV) with the aldehyde (V) is performed in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate, the homoallylic alcohol (VI) is produced. Ring closure reaction of the allylalkoxysilane (VII) with the aldehydes (IIa) -(IIc) in dichloromethane gives the 4-alkoxytetrahydropyrans (VIII). The 2,6-unsymmetrically substituted 4-chlorotetrahydropyrans (XIII) are prepared by conversion of dimethyldichlorosilane (IX) into the bisalkoxysilane (XII) and subsequent AlCl3-promoted cyclization with the aldehydes (II). Reaction of the allylalkoxysilane (XIV) with the aldehydes (XV) and (XVI) produces the (benzyloxyethyl)chloro(methyl)tetrahydropyran (XVII) which is dechlorinated, deprotected, and oxidized, giving the (methyltetrahydropyranyl)acetic acid (XIX) which is a secretion product of the civet cat.
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