Exotic Rubus taxa in Australia have been revised following consultation with European and North American experts in Rubus, allied with studies of variation in patterns of DNA restriction fragments and morphology. Many of these taxa have names that are applied for the first time in Australia (prefaced with a †). The major focus of the work was the Rubus fruticosus L. aggregate and taxa of this aggregate covered here are R. anglocandicans A. Newton, R. cissburiensis W.C. Barton & Ridd., †R. echinatus Lindl., †R. erythrops Edees & A. Newton, R. laciniatus Willd., R. leightonii Lees ex Leight. †R. leucostachys Schleich. ex Sm., †R. phaeocarpus W.C.R. Watson, R. polyanthemus Lindeb., †R. riddelsdellii Rilstone, †R. rubritinctus W.C.R. Watson, R. ulmifolius Schott (including R. ulmifolius var. ulmifolius and †R. ulmifolius var. anoplothyrsus Sudre), and R. vestitus Weihe, along with two undescribed taxa, Rubus sp. Scott Creek (D.E. Symon 16504) and Rubus sp. Tasmania (J.R. Hosking 1551). Other naturalised taxa are R. alceifolius Poir., R. ellipticus Sm., R. idaeus L., †R. laudatus A. Berger, †R. loganobaccus L.H. Bailey, †R. philadelphicus Blanch., R. roribaccus (L.H. Bailey) Rydb. and R. rugosus Sm. Patterns of morphological and molecular variation among individuals of the R. fruticosus agg. in Australia were examined. In phenetic analyses based on examination of 137 herbarium specimens and 27 morphological characters, taxa showed varying degrees of separation. Some taxa, for example R. anglocandicans and the two varieties of R. ulmifolius, formed distinct groups in these analyses whereas there was considerable overlap among individuals of other species. Fifty M13/HaeIII DNA-banding patterns (phenotypes) were identified among 198 collections from the R. fruticosus agg. across Australia. Thirty-five DNA phenotypes were correlated with 15 taxa of the R. fruticosus agg.; the remaining 15 DNA types correlated poorly or were determined with only a moderate level of confidence. R. anglocandicans, R. echinatus, R. leightonii, R. leucostachys, R. sp. Tasmania, R. ulmifolius and R. vestitus had two or more DNA phenotypes whereas only one DNA phenotype was observed for the remaining eight taxa. Taxa that were more distinct with respect to their DNA phenotypes also tended to be more distinct with respect to morphology based on a Mantel matrix correlation test. Within taxa that were difficult to tell apart morphologically, those sharing the same DNA phenotype were considered members of the same Rubus taxon. These results are discussed in the context of the evolution and ecology of the R. fruticosus agg. in Australia and in relation to the incomplete taxonomy of Rubus in Europe and North America.
The development, reproduction and population growth statistics of Dactylopius austrinus on Opuntiu uuruntiuca are described for constant temperatures of 17.5,20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32 and 34°C. The lower temperature threshold for female development was 156°C. Development was most rapid at 32°C and the rate of development was linearly related to temperature between 20 and 30°C. The maximum finite rate of increase (A) was 1.1569 females per female per day at 30°C. Relevance of this study to control of 0.aurantiaca and breeding of D. austrinus for field release are discussed. lntroduc tionCochineal Dactylopius uustrinus De Lotto, is used as a biological control agent for the cactus Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley, in both Australia and South Africa. This cactus (known as tiger pear in Australia and jointed cactus in South Africa) has spread over large areas of these 2 countries (Mann 1970;Hosking and Deighton 1979;Moran and Annecke 1979).Climatic conditions play a major role in the success of biological control of 0. aurantiaca by D. austrinus. Moran and Annecke (1979) Temperatures vary widely over the area infested by 0. aurantiaca and the effects of temperature on the development, reproduction and innate capacity for increase of D. austrinus are only poorly understood. This paper shows how temperature influences these parameters. Materials and methodsD. uustrinus and insect-free 0. uuruntiucu cladodes used for these experiments were collected from grazing land 5 km east of Tamworth (31 "05 'S 15036 'E). Soon after hatching, crawlers (first instar D. uustrinus) were transferred to previously insect-free cladodes of high moisture content. Rearing was carried out in incubators at constant temperatures of 17.5, 20, 22.5, 25, 27.5, 30, 32 and 34°C with a maximum fluctuation of f 1.5 "C and without control of relative humidity. Lighting within incubators was provided in 12 h photoperiods, alternating with 12 h dark periods. In preliminary experiments D. uustrinus did not develop at 15°C and died without completing its life cycle at 36°C.Crawlers were transferred to cladodes in numbers dependent on cladode size; about 10 for cladodes of approximately 12.5 g to about 30 for cladodes of approximately 50 g. Insects were observed daily at 27.5"C and higher temperatures, every 2-3 d at 22.5 and 25°C and every 3-4 d at 17.5 and 20°C. D. uustrinus development was followed microscopically, with destructive sampling of insects once they had reached the second instar (at this stage wax hampers further observation).Information on insect development was used to calculate rate of development and the physiological scale for development of female D. austrinus. The rate of development was obtained by calculating the inverse of the mean time from first instar female emergence to the hatching of their offspring. This period of time is equivalent to the combined pre-reproductive stages of female development. Regression of these rates of development on temperature gives the theoretical threshold for development (when the rate of devel...
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.