Lim et al. spe 483-01 page 86 bodies where scientifi c investigation is a key driver of exploration. In order to explore and collect samples underwater at Pavilion Lake, humans must, as they do in space, coordinate with unmanned robotic systems and contend with limitations associated with communications, visualization, and sampling of their environments, and their life support systems (LSS) (Lim et al., 2010). These working constraints are not simulated, but are real and inextricable from the PLRP's activities. As such, Pavilion Lake has become an important analog research environment in which to garner operational information applicable to the design of human planetary exploration strategies. The goal of this paper is to present a historical synopsis of analog science and exploration activities at Pavilion Lake with the specifi c aim of highlighting the unique contributions of the PLRP to the development of human planetary exploration strategies. To ensure that the complexity and richness of the project are properly captured in this paper, two appendices are included that document some of the PLRP's additional initiatives and activities (e.g., education and public outreach).
Five xylem oleoresin monoterpenes and 17 morphological characters of trees in four pine stands in Alberta were measured to delineate pure lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) from jack pine (P. banksiana Lamb.) in a region where hybridization commonly has been reported. Multivariate analysis determined α-pinene, β-phellandrene, and needle length best separated the taxa. The monoterpene composition of two putative hybrid stands at Onoway and Devon closely resembled that of jack pine. Analysis of the four major monoterpenes in an additional 10 stands allowed the identification of a transition zone between jack pine and lodgepole pine stands, which occurred farther west than previously reported and contained stands of highly variable monoterpene types. Trees in this region morphologically resembled lodgepole pine. The presence of variant monoterpene types in Front Range lodgepole pine stands and their absence from the Cypress Hills provide evidence for introgression of jack pine into lodgepole pine. No evidence of gene flow from lodgepole pine to jack pine was found. The two putative hybrid stands at Onoway and Devon probably consisted mostly of jack pine, with a small complement of hybrids.
Seedlings from two lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) provenances were planted at four square espacements of 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, and 3.7 m in the Sub-Boreal Spruce Zone of central British Columbia. Data for the first 20 years after planting were analyzed in terms of the entire stand and portions of it. Plantation espacement had a major effect on early growth and development. Wide spacings resulted in greater diameter increments and produced trees of larger bole and crown dimensions. Close spacings resulted in larger per-hectare stand values and smaller branch diameters.
Specimens of lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) with one to five needles per fascicle were found in Jasper National Park, Alberta. The maximum percentage of atypical fascicles occurred at 2150 m above sea level. These trees bore significantly greater percentages of atypical fascicles than trees at 2000 m and 1850 m above sea level.
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