Fast STIR imaging of the heart with effective suppression of flow and motion artifacts was implemented. The approach has much potential for high-contrast imaging in a variety of diseases affecting the heart and mediastinum.
Objective-Myelination of the human brain results in roughly quadratic trajectories of myelin content and integrity, reaching a maximum in mid-life and then declining in older age. This trajectory is most evident in vulnerable later myelinating association regions such as frontal lobes and may be the biological substrate for similar trajectories of cognitive processing speed. Speed of movement, such as maximal finger tapping speed (FTS), requires high-frequency action potential (AP) bursts and is associated with myelin integrity. We tested the hypothesis that the age-related trajectory of FTS is related to brain myelin integrity.Methods-A sensitive in vivo MRI biomarker of myelin integrity (calculated transverse relaxation rates (R 2 )) of frontal lobe white matter (FLwm) was measured in a sample of very healthy males (N = 72) between 23 and 80 years of age. To assess specificity, R 2 of a contrasting early-myelinating region (splenium of the corpus callosum) was also measured.Results-FLwm R 2 and FTS measures were significantly correlated (r = .45, p < .0001) with no association noted in the early-myelinating region (splenium). Both FLwm R 2 and FTS had
Conflict of interestThe authors have no actual or potential conflicts of interest.Disclosure statement All human subjects received written and oral information about the study and signed written informed consents approved by the local institutional review board prior to study participation.
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NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript significantly quadratic lifespan trajectories that were virtually indistinguishable and both reached a peak at 39 years of age and declined with an accelerating trajectory thereafter.
Conclusions-The results suggest that in this very healthy male sample, maximum motor speed requiring high-frequency AP burst may depend on brain myelin integrity. To the extent that the FLwm changes assessed by R 2 contribute to an age-related reduction in AP burst frequency, it is possible that other brain functions dependent on AP bursts may also be affected. Non-invasive measures of myelin integrity together with testing of basic measures of processing speed may aid in developing and targeting anti-aging treatments to mitigate age-related functional declines.
Brain iron increases with age and is abnormally elevated early in the disease process in several neurodegenerative disorders that impact memory including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Higher brain iron levels are associated with male gender and presence of highly prevalent allelic variants in genes encoding for iron metabolism proteins (hemochromatosis H63D (HFE H63D) and transferrin C2 (TfC2)). In this study, we examined whether in healthy older individuals memory performance is associated with increased brain iron, and whether gender and gene variant carrier (IRON + ) vs noncarrier (IRONÀ) status (for HFE H63D/TfC2) modify the associations. Tissue iron deposited in ferritin molecules can be measured in vivo with magnetic resonance imaging utilizing the field-dependent relaxation rate increase (FDRI) method. FDRI was assessed in hippocampus, basal ganglia, and white matter, and IRON + vs IRONÀ status was determined in a cohort of 63 healthy older individuals. Three cognitive domains were assessed: verbal memory (delayed recall), working memory/attention, and processing speed. Independent of gene status, worse verbal-memory performance was associated with higher hippocampal iron in men (r ¼ À0.50, p ¼ 0.003) but not in women. Independent of gender, worse verbal working memory performance was associated with higher basal ganglia iron in IRONÀ group (r ¼ À0.49, p ¼ 0.005) but not in the IRON + group. Between-group interactions (p ¼ 0.006) were noted for both of these associations. No significant associations with white matter or processing speed were observed. The results suggest that in specific subgroups of healthy older individuals, higher accumulations of iron in vulnerable gray matter regions may adversely impact memory functions and could represent a risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline. Combining genetic and MRI biomarkers may provide opportunities to design primary prevention clinical trials that target high-risk groups.
T2-weighted breath-hold imaging, particularly IR-fast-SE imaging, was more sensitive for hepatic masses than conventional SE imaging, with a substantial reduction in acquisition time. Half-Fourier-single-shot-fast-SE imaging was especially useful in patients who were unable to hold their breath.
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