Noni has been used in traditional medicine and as food for thousands of years. While the fruits serve as food and internal medicine, leaves were traditionally used only topically. In recent years, concern regarding the possible content of anthraquinones in noni has led to scrutiny by the European Food Safety Authority. Little research existed on the content of anthraquinones in different noni preparations, with no information about the potential effect of harvest and preparation methods. Our research focused on lucidin, alizarin, and rubiadin, the most important anthraquinones from a health perspective. We found that the production process (fermentation/juice production versus drying/lyophilization) has no effect on the anthraquinone content. The source product, however, does have implications: noni fruit puree from which seeds had been removed as well as consumer products produced from such puree had no detectable amounts of any anthraquinones. Products that did contain seed or leaf material in all cases did contain partly significant amounts of anthraquinones. To alleviate safety concerns, we suggest that noni products, whether fermented or unfermented juice or powder, should be derived only from fully ripe noni fruits, and that any seed material needs to be removed during the production process.
Stereoselective synthesis of glycosides (glucosides, galactosides, mannosides, and xylosides) is reported using long-chain alcohols with 0-4 ethoxy spacers as potential anchored cryoprotectors.Glycolipids are one of the basic constituents of biological membranes besides phospholipids. The sugar residues in these membranes on the cell surface are playing an important role in the biological response. With this goal we have tried to analyze the influence of different sugar units on the physicochemical properties of phospholipid systems, especially hydration"] and the behavior of lipid systems during water removal under freezing condition and desiccation (lyophilization)[21 and also on the interaction between phospholipidglycolipid systems with cells131. Glycosides of long-
R'OR chain alcohols are of our special interest because of the homogeneity of their mixture with phosphatidyl choline to an unlimited extent, also resulting to the formation of lipid vesicles in these mixturesr41. For these investigations we required some glycosides of different sugars with long-chain alkyl groups and with spacers containing a different number of ethyleneoxy groups between sugar and alkyl moiety.Although a number of methods [5] are known in the literature for glycosidation, none of the three existing main methods, namely the Koenigs-Knorr method, the Lewis acidcatalyzed process and the synthesis using a phase-transfer catalyst (PTC) provides good stereoselectivity in good overall yield, particularly with long-chain alcohols because of their low reactivity. Especially cis glycosidation is still prob-
Furan derivatives R 0060A Convenient Synthesis of Furans Using Bromoacetylpyran-2-one. -The reaction of 3-bromoacetylpyranone (I) with amines is highly influenced by the type of amine. The expected dehydroacetic acid derivative (III) is obtained in the reaction with aniline. In contrast, utilization of phenylethylamine (IV) in acetone gives a basically substituted furanone (VI) via a rearrangement. -(BRIEL*, D.; ASKAR, G. B.; ORTWEIN, J.; UNVERFERTH, K.; Pharmazie 64 (2009) 7, 477-478; Inst. Pharm.,
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