A 3 x 3 Latin Square experiment was designed to compare 2 ways of bypassing the effects of the rumen with olive oil fatty acids in 'Manchega' dairy ewes. Treatments were a control diet, CaOFA (control diet plus 45 g of olive fatty acids as calcium soap), and OO (control plus 45 g/d of olive fatty acids as olive oil emulsified in skim milk) and bottle-fed to animals trained to maintain the reticular groove reflex). No differences were found in milk, protein, and lactose yields, but fat yield and milk fat content were greater in treatments with added fat (CaOFA and OO). Content of short- and medium-chain fatty acids in milk fat was greater for control treatment than for the other 2 groups, the yield of these fatty acids being similar for all 3 diets, except that of C12:0, which was greater for the control treatment. Content and yield of C18:0 and isomers of C18:1 others than oleic acid were greater in milk from the CaOFA diet than from the other 2 diets. Oleic acid content and yield were greater in milk after OO treatment (23.9% and 16.8 g/d, respectively), intermediate after CaOFA treatment (19.2% and 13.8 g/d, respectively), and lower after control diet (10.7% and 6.52 g/d, respectively). Linoleic acid yield and content were greater in ewes fed the OO diet than in those on the other 2 diets, both of which showed similar data. All these changes indicated that the "protected" olive fatty acids (as calcium soap) were severely affected by the rumen environment and that the use of the reticular groove reflex seems to be a more effective way of bypassing the rumen in adult lactating dairy ewes.

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Therapy with CPAP in elderly patients with OSA helps improve their HRQL and reduces daytime sleepiness.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a chronic pathology characterised by the presence of repetitive upper airway obstruction during the sleep, the prevalence of which increases with the age [1], and for which continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice [2-4]. However, there have been few studies on diagnosis and management of OSA in elderly people. A qualitative systematic review of randomised clinical trials (RCTs) was conducted to evaluate the impact of CPAP therapy on health-related quality of life (HRQL) in OSA patients (aged >65 years), diagnosed by polysomnography or polygraphy and treated with CPAP for at least 3 months (>4 h•day −1). Studies whose primary outcome did not assess HRQL were excluded. Interventions were categorised according to whether or not they included CPAP treatment. The primary outcome was HRQL based on validated generic or specific questionnaires. Following quality guidelines for conducting systematic literature reviews [5], research was carried out in November and December 2015; trials were identified in the records of Trip, Scopus, the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register and Medline. Studies published since November 2000 were identified using Medical Subject Headings: "CPAP", "SAHS", "quality of life", "therapeutic effect" and "elderly". The search formula was: "CPAP [AND] OSA [AND] quality life; CPAP [AND] quality life; OSA [AND] quality life". Subsequently, two authors classified the studies independently, taking into account the summary, key words and title of the study. At a second level, two researchers independently determined the eligibility and quality of the studies, and the performed intervention. Disagreements were analysed and resolved by discussion. We found up to 896 potentially relevant articles; in the first evaluation, 868 of them were rejected, as they did not comply with some of the requirements. In the second evaluation, from these 28 studies, one was ruled out because it was not finished and nine because they were not RCTs with control groups. In the third evaluation, from 18 studies, 16 were ruled out because the average age was <65 years. Finally, only two RCTs were included in the review; the main results are shown in table 1.