Changes in volatile compounds in musts and skins of grapes of Aire´n, Macabeo and Chardonnay white varieties were determined during ripening. The musts of the Aire´n variety contained higher concentrations of c-3-hexenol; musts of the Macabeo variety were the richest in t-3-hexenol and 2,4-hexadienal, while the Chardonnay musts stood out for having higher concentrations of benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde and benzyl alcohol. The skins of the three varieties were both qualitatively and quantitatively richer in volatiles than were the musts. The skins of the Aire´n grapes had the highest levels of nerol. Aire´n grapes were the only variety in which citronellol was present in the skins. Low concentrations of eugenol were detected in the skins of the Chardonnay grape variety but were not present in the other two varieties. Changes in the concentration of the volatile compounds during ripening were not uniform; this made difficult the determination of the optimum level of ripening for each variety on the basis of the volatile compound content. Nevertheless, results indicated that C 6 compounds and terpene concentrations reached a maximum at 6-8 Baume´in the Aire´n grapes and at around 11 Baume´in the Chardonnay and Macabeo grapes.

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Background The use of inguinal hernia repair techniques in the community setting is poorly understood. Methods A retrospective review of all inguinal hernia repairs performed on adult residents of Olmsted County, MN, from 1989 to 2008 was performed through the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Results A total of 4,433 inguinal hernia repairs among 3,489 individuals were reviewed. Non–mesh-based repairs predominated in the late 1980s (94% in 1989), declined throughout the 1990s (40% in 1996), and are rarely used nowadays (4% in 2008). Open mesh-based repairs comprised 21% in 1990, peaked in 2001 with 72%, and declined to 55% in 2008. The adoption of laparoscopic repairs began in 1992 (6%) and has increased steadily to 41% in 2008 (P < .001). Conclusions Although non–mesh-based repairs, once the predominant method, have been supplanted by open mesh-based techniques, nowadays the use of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair techniques has increased substantially to nearly equal that of open mesh-based techniques.

Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) is a serious grapevine trunk disease (GTD) that causes large losses in yield and shortens the productive life of vineyards. Neofusicoccum parvum is one of the main causal agents of BD. Currently there are no curative fungicides to eradicate this disease; therefore, the use of tolerant cultivars to BD could be considered an interesting and sustainable alternative for its control. For this purpose, rooted cuttings of six red Vitis vinifera cultivars were selected and inoculated with N. parvum, under field conditions, over two consecutive years. Eight months after inoculation, plants were collected and inspected for lesion development. The fungal incidence varied depending on the cultivar and ranged from 42.1% in "Monastrell" cultivar to 93.3% in "Tinto Velasco" cultivar, evidencing a lack of qualitative resistance to N. parvum. The severity of internal wood symptoms caused by N. parvum differed considerably amongst the cultivars, being "Bobal" and "Monastrell" more tolerant than "Tinto Velasco" cultivar.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the inoculation date of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the fruit quality and the content of phytochemicals in a strawberry soilless growing system. The experiment was performed in Huelva (Spain) and was conducted in a greenhouse on the La Rábida Campus of Huelva University under natural light and temperature from October 2013 to June 2014. Three short-day strawberry cultivars ('Splendor', 'Sabrina' and 'Fortuna') were grown in polyethylene bags filled with coconut fibres. Randomized block design, with 3 repetitions and factorial arrangement (3 cultivars x 3 treatments), was established. Each replicate consisted of one bag with 12 plants supporting structures at 40 cm height. The treatments were: T1 = mycorrhizal inoculation in the transplantation; T2 = mycorrhizal inoculation 30 days after transplantation (DAT); and T0 = control treatment, without inoculation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation significantly affected the contents of anthocyanin and phenolics. When the inoculation is performed in the transplantation, the fruits showed a high content of anthocyanin and total phenolics. The mycorrhizal inoculation influences decreasing the acidity in fruit throughout the growing season and increase firmness only during the early stage of production.