The results of plain film radiography and subtraction arthrography in 24 patients prior to revision surgery for a loosened total hip arthroplasty (T.H.A.) were compared with operative findings. Loosening of both the acetabular and the femoral components was evaluated. In plain film radiography the overall accuracy for evidence of loosening in 22 acetabular and 23 femoral components was 58%. The overall accuracy with arthrography was 93%. Three results were false-negatives; arthrography showing no evidence of loosening, while the arthroplasty was found to be loose on surgical evaluation. The results of this study are compared with findings reported in the literature. Arthrography was performed by a lateral puncture technique. There were no complications. The use of the puncture technique has not been described previously. The extent of contrast leakage into the interfaces is described and discussed.
Background: Penile compression devices (PCD) or clamps are applied to compress the urethra and prevent urinary incontinence (UI). PCDs are more secure and less likely to leak than pads, allowing men the opportunity to participate in short-term, vigorous activities. However, they are uncomfortable, can cause pressure ulcers (PU) and affect penile blood flow. No objective assessment of tissue health has been undertaken to assess and compare different PCD designs and to provide guidance on safe use. Objective: This study was designed to evaluate existing PCDs in terms of their physiological response and potential for pressure-induced injury. Design, setting and participants: Six men with post-prostatectomy UI tested four selected PCDs at effective pressures, in a random order, in a controlled laboratory setting. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: Using objective methods for assessing skin injury, PCDs were measured in situ for their effects on circulatory impedance, interface pressures and inflammatory response. Results and limitations: There was evidence for PCD-induced circulatory impedance in most test conditions. Interface pressures varied considerably between both PCDs and participants, with a mean value of 137.4±69.7 mmHg. In some cases, penile skin was noted to be sensitive to loading with elevated concentration of the cytokine IL-1α after 10 mins wear, indicating an inflammatory response. IL-1α levels were restored to baseline 40 mins following PCD removal. Conclusion: Skin health measures indicated tissue and blood flow compromise during the 50 mins of testing using all PCDs. Although there was an elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines, PCDs did not cause sustained irritation and skin health measures recovered 40 mins after PCD removal. This research indicates that application of a clamp for one hour with an equal clamp free time before reapplication is likely to be safe. Longer periods are often recommended by manufacturers but have yet to be tested.
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