Summary Background Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is highly heritable (estimated heritability [h2]=0.62) and likely a result of multigenic action. Objective To systematically test variation within genes encoding for important components of the anticoagulant, procoagulant, fibrinolytic and innate immunity pathways for an independent association with VTE. Methods Non-Hispanic adults of European ancestry with objectively-diagnosed VTE, and age-, sex-group frequency matched controls were genotyped for 13,031 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within 764 genes. Analyses (n=12,296 SNPs) were performed with PLINK using an additive genetic model and adjusted for age, sex, state of residence, and myocardial infarction or stroke. Results Among 2927 individuals, one or more SNPs within ABO, F2, F5, F11, KLKB1, SELP and SCUBE1 were significantly associated with VTE, including Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin G20210A, ABO non-O blood type, and a novel association with ABO rs2519093 (OR=1.68, p-value=8.08×10−16) that was independent of blood type. In stratified analyses, SNPs in the following genes were significantly associated with VTE: F5 and ABO among both genders and LY86 among women; F2, ABO and KLKB1 among Factor V Leiden non-carriers; F5, F11, KLKB1 and GFRA1 in ABO non-O blood type; and ABO, F5, F11, KLKB1, SCUBE1 and SELP among Prothrombin G20210A non-carriers. The ABO rs2519093 population-attributable risk (PAR) exceeded that of Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin G20210A, and the joint PAR of Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin G20210A, ABO non-O and ABO rs2519093 was 0.40. Conclusions Anticoagulant, procoagulant, fibrinolytic and innate immunity pathway genetic variation accounts for a large proportion of VTE among non-Hispanic adults of European-ancestry.
Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a well-documented adverse event experienced by patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. When severe, HC causes significant morbidity, leads to renal complications, prolongs hospitalization, increases health-care costs, and occasionally contributes to death. We retrospectively studied the medical records of 245 children undergoing an initial allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for malignant disease at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital between 1992 and 1999 to describe the clinical course of HC in all patients and to identify the risk factors for HC in this cohort. Conditioning regimens included cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and total body irradiation. Grafts from unrelated or mismatched related donors were depleted of T lymphocytes, whereas matched sibling grafts were unmanipulated. All patients received cyclosporine as prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease. Recipients of grafts from matched siblings also received pentoxifylline or short-course methotrexate. Severe HC developed in 27 patients (11.0%). The median duration of HC was 73 days (range, 5-619 days); 12 patients had ongoing HC at the time of death. In univariate analyses, patients were at increased risk of severe HC if they were male (P =.021) or had received T cell-depleted grafts (P =.017), grafts from unrelated donors (P =.021), a lower total nucleated cell dose (P =.032), or antithymocyte globulin (P =.0446). Multiple regression analysis revealed male sex (beta =.97; P =.027) and unrelated donor graft recipients (beta =.83; P =.039) to be significant factors.
The gene for HMSN2C maps to 12q23-24. This region is associated with SCA2, scapuloperoneal spinal muscular atrophy, and congenital distal spinal muscular atrophy. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the specific gene alteration and its relationship with nearby genes.
SUMMARYEight research and teaching centres have co-operated in an experiment involving 132 sows. Six treatments were used, combining three levels of feeding in pregnancy with two in lactation. Pregnancy treatments were High 3−2 kg meal/day, Medium 2·4 kg/day and Low 1·6 kg/day; in lactation either a high level, 4·1 kg plus 0·2 kg/pig (h) or a medium level, 2·3 kg plus 0·2 kg/pig (m) were given. The sows were maintained on the same nutritional regime for three parities although inevitably some sows were lost before the completion of the trial. Sow live-weight gains in pregnancy were directly related to feed intake; in lactation, losses in sow live weight were dependent on gains made in the previous pregnancy and on the level fed while suckling. After the first parity, in which animals fed the low level in pregnancy tended to produce larger litters (though the difference was not significant), there were no differences in numbers born attributable to treatments.Increases in the feed intake of sows in pregnancy resulted in consistent and significant increases in the weight of the pigs at birth. This increase in birth weight also resulted in an increase in weight at weaning in the second and third parities. Level of feeding in lactation, which had a highly significant effect on sow live weight, had much less influence on weaning weights of pigs. There were no consistent pregnancy × lactation interactions, the effects of treatments in the two phases being additive.An assessment is made of the relative efficiency of the six treatments and the value of the experiment is discussed in relation to other studies concerned with sow nutrition.
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