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A simple model based on non-ambipolar radial transport and planar sheath physics is used to describe the generation of radial electric fields and currents in the scape-off layer of the Tokamak de Varennes (TdeV) during divertor plate biasing. In general, the calculated predictions compare favourably with TdeV results over a variety of plasma conditions and divertor magnetic configurations. Validated by the experiment, the model is used to study the scaling laws of perpendicular ion mobility and to test existing related theories. Finally, the model is proposed as a useful tool for the design and upgrade of biased divertors through optimization of the plate and throat geometry.

The most promising concept for deep fuelling a reactor is by the injection of compact toroid (CT) plasmoids. The first results showing CT fuelling of a tokamak plasma, without any adverse perturbation t o the tokamak discharge, are reported. The Compact Toroid Fueller (CTF) device was used to inject a CT-spheromak plasmoid into the TdeV tokamak. Following the CT penetration, the tokamak particle inventory increased by 16%, the loop voltage and the plasma current did not change, and there was no increase in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) activity. The number of injected impurities was low and dominated by non-metallic elements. The plasma diamagnetic energy and the energy confinement time increased by more than 35%.

Electrically insulated divertor plates are used on TdeV (Tokamak de Varennes) [18th EPS Conference on Controlled Fusion and Plasma Physics Berlin (European Physical Society, Petit-Lancy, 1991), Vol. 15C, Part I, pp. 1–141] to produce various biasing configurations, which can be decomposed into two basic modes. Plasma biasing, with a radial electric field Er in the scrape-off layer (SOL), is most promising for divertor applications. The Er field is produced with a particular divertor plate geometry, causing a nonambipolar radial current and a particle flow in the Er×BT direction, toward one of the divertors (the active divertor). The pressure and impurity retention in the active divertor are shown, in the Ohmic regime, to be strongly increased by biasing. He exhaust through this divertor is increased by a factor of almost 3 with modest biasing voltages and currents scalable to larger devices. Biasing also modifies the power repartition between the divertors, with the active divertor also receiving a larger fraction of the power.

The dynamical processes responsible for laser emission in the pulsed pumping of a transversely excited atmospheric (TEA) CO2 laser are investigated. An explanation for the formation of the giant pulse is proposed on the basis of a gain-switching mechanism in which it is assumed that with short strong-current pulses a high population inversion can be achieved prior to the onset of laser action. The kinetics of the mechanism are described by means of a set of nonlinear rate equations idealized to a four-energy-state system. With suitable initial conditions on the populations, the transient solution of these equations for the mixtures CO2–He and CO–N2–He appears to be consistent with the major features of experimental observation.

The injection of a master oscillator signal in a high-power evolution of the different field amplitudes and phases together with TEACOz laser is analyzed and a dynamic model is formulated to repre-their effect on the inversion. A study over a wide range of injection sent the interaction.Based on the competition between the injected levels and detuning frequencies clearly indicates three distinct regions signal and the spontaneous emission, the model describes the transient of operation: a spontaneous oscillationzone, amode-selection zone, and a frequency-locking zone. The main predictions of the model are Manuscript

A simple analytic fluid model based on particle and momentum conservation describes the response of the scrape-off layer to an applied radial electric field. The model explains why the variation of plenum pressure during limiter biasing in TEXTOR shows the opposite behaviour as divertor biasing in Tokamak de Varennes: the mechanical baffles that define the throats of the pump limiter are aligned along the magnetic field, thus preventing collection of the induced perpendicular flux when the drift is directed towards the scoop. Rather, the optimal pumping is expected when the drift is directed away from the scoop due to the increase of the parallel flux needed to satisfy the Bohm-Chodura criterion. Qualitative agreement is obtained with measurements of the parallel flow near the limiter throat, and with measurements of the plenum pressure during negative biasing for both directions of toroidal magnetic field. The results, extrapolated to Tore Supra, predict that the actual design with throats should provide close to optimal pumping with minor modification of the natural radial electric field, but greater performance could be obtained with negative biasing if a toroidally symmetric neutralizer geometry were adopted.

An electrodeless CO2 waveguide laser with transverse rf pumping is described. In the rf cw mode, the laser emits up to 0.6 W at 100 Torr. In the rf pulse mode, atmospheric operation has been achieved with pulse duration of 20 μs and peak power of a few watts at a repetition rate of 300 Hz.