Gaia is a cornerstone mission in the science programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). The spacecraft construction was approved in 2006, following a study in which the original interferometric concept was changed to a direct-imaging approach. Both the spacecraft and the payload were built by European industry. The involvement of the scientific community focusses on data processing for which the international Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) was selected in 2007. Gaia was launched on 19 December 2013 and arrived at its operating point, the second Lagrange point of the Sun-Earth-Moon system, a few weeks later. The commissioning of the spacecraft and payload was completed on 19 July 2014. The nominal five-year mission started with four weeks of special, ecliptic-pole scanning and subsequently transferred into full-sky scanning mode. We recall the scientific goals of Gaia and give a description of the as-built spacecraft that is currently (mid-2016) being operated to achieve these goals. We pay special attention to the payload module, the performance of which is closely related to the scientific performance of the mission. We provide a summary of the commissioning activities and findings, followed by a description of the routine operational mode. We summarise scientific performance estimates on the basis of in-orbit operations. Several intermediate Gaia data releases are planned and the data can be retrieved from the Gaia Archive, which is available through the Gaia home page.

Abstract. Two CORAVEL radial velocity surveys -one among stars in the solar neighbourhood, the other in the Pleiades and in Praesepe -are merged to derive the statistical properties of main-sequence binaries with spectral types F7 to K and with periods up to 10 years. A sample of 89 spectroscopic orbits was finally obtained. Among them, 52 relate to a free-of-bias selection of 405 stars (240 field stars and 165 cluster stars). The statistics corrected for selection effects yield the following results: (1) No discrepancy is found between the binaries among field stars and the binaries in open cluster. The distributions of mass ratios, of periods, the period-eccentricity diagram and the binary frequencies are all within the same error intervals. (2) The distribution of mass ratios presents two maxima: a broad peak from q ≈ 0.2 to q ≈ 0.7, and a sharp peak for q > 0.8 (twins). Both are present among the early-type as well as among the late-type part of the sample, indicating a scale-free formation process. The peak for q > 0.8 gradually decreases when long-period binaries are considered. Whatever their periods, the twins have eccentricities significantly lower than the other binaries, confirming a difference in the formation processes. Twins could be generated by in situ formation followed by accretion from a gaseous envelope, whereas binaries with intermediate mass ratios could be formed at wide separations, but they are made closer by migration led by interactions with a circumbinary disk. (3) The frequency of binaries with P < 10 years is about 14%. (4) About 0.3% of binaries are expected to appear as false positives in a planet search. Therefore, the frequency of planetary systems among stars is presently 7 +4 −2 %. The extension of the distribution of mass ratios in the planetary range would result in a very sharp and very high peak, well separated from the binary stars with low mass ratios.

Context. At about 1000 days after the launch of Gaia we present the first Gaia data release, Gaia DR1, consisting of astrometry and photometry for over 1 billion sources brighter than magnitude 20.7. Aims. A summary of Gaia DR1 is presented along with illustrations of the scientific quality of the data, followed by a discussion of the limitations due to the preliminary nature of this release. Methods. The raw data collected by Gaia during the first 14 months of the mission have been processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) and turned into an astrometric and photometric catalogue. Results. Gaia DR1 consists of three components: a primary astrometric data set which contains the positions, parallaxes, and mean proper motions for about 2 million of the brightest stars in common with the Hipparcos and Tycho-2 catalogues -a realisation of the Tycho-Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS) -and a secondary astrometric data set containing the positions for an additional 1.1 billion sources. The second component is the photometric data set, consisting of mean G-band magnitudes for all sources. The G-band light curves and the characteristics of ∼3000 Cepheid and RR Lyrae stars, observed at high cadence around the south ecliptic pole, form the third component. For the primary astrometric data set the typical uncertainty is about 0.3 mas for the positions and parallaxes, and about 1 mas yr −1 for the proper motions. A systematic component of ∼0.3 mas should be added to the parallax uncertainties. For the subset of ∼94 000 Hipparcos stars in the primary data set, the proper motions are much more precise at about 0.06 mas yr −1 . For the secondary astrometric data set, the typical uncertainty of the positions is ∼10 mas. The median uncertainties on the mean G-band magnitudes range from the mmag level to ∼0.03 mag over the magnitude range 5 to 20.7. Conclusions. Gaia DR1 is an important milestone ahead of the next Gaia data release, which will feature five-parameter astrometry for all sources. Extensive validation shows that Gaia DR1 represents a major advance in the mapping of the heavens and the availability of basic stellar data that underpin observational astrophysics. Nevertheless, the very preliminary nature of this first Gaia data release does lead to a number of important limitations to the data quality which should be carefully considered before drawing conclusions from the data.

Abstract. Radial velocities have been determined for a sample of 2930 B2-F5 stars, 95% observed by the Hipparcos satellite in the north hemisphere and 80% without reliable radial velocity up to now. Observations were obtained at the Observatoire de Haute Provence with a dispersion of 80Å mm −1 with the aim of studying stellar and galactic dynamics. Radial velocities have been measured by correlation with templates of the same spectral class. The mean obtained precision is 3.0 km s −1 with three observations. A new MK spectral classification is estimated for all stars.

Context. This work is part of the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium papers published with the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3). It is one of the demonstration papers aiming to highlight the improvements and quality of the newly published data by applying them to a scientific case. Aims. We use the Gaia EDR3 data to study the structure and kinematics of the Magellanic Clouds. The large distance to the Clouds is a challenge for the Gaia astrometry. The Clouds lie at the very limits of the usability of the Gaia data, which makes the Clouds an excellent case study for evaluating the quality and properties of the Gaia data. Methods. The basis of our work are two samples selected to provide a representation as clean as possible of the stars of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). The selection used criteria based on position, parallax, and proper motions to remove foreground contamination from the Milky Way, and allowed the separation of the stars of both Clouds. From these two samples we defined a series of subsamples based on cuts in the colour-magnitude diagram; these subsamples were used to select stars in a common evolutionary phase and can also be used as approximate proxies of a selection by age. Results. We compared the Gaia Data Release 2 and Gaia EDR3 performances in the study of the Magellanic Clouds and show the clear improvements in precision and accuracy in the new release. We also show that the systematics still present in the data make the determination of the 3D geometry of the LMC a difficult endeavour; this is at the very limit of the usefulness of the Gaia EDR3 astrometry, but it may become feasible with the use of additional external data. We derive radial and tangential velocity maps and global profiles for the LMC for the several subsamples we defined. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the two planar components of the ordered and random motions are derived for multiple stellar evolutionary phases in a galactic disc outside the Milky Way, showing the differences between younger and older phases. We also analyse the spatial structure and motions in the central region, the bar, and the disc, providing new insightsinto features and kinematics. Finally, we show that the Gaia EDR3 data allows clearly resolving the Magellanic Bridge, and we trace the density and velocity flow of the stars from the SMC towards the LMC not only globally, but also separately for young and evolved populations. This allows us to confirm an evolved population in the Bridge that is slightly shift from the younger population. Additionally, we were able to study the outskirts of both Magellanic Clouds, in which we detected some well-known features and indications of new ones.

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Abstract. We present an original way to detect variable stars in the Tycho photometric observations. A modified Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistical test has been constructed, based on a model of most of the satellite's parameters, leading to the dispersion in the measurements. This allows us to build a treatment taking into account truncated detections and censored measurements, and to search for variability in the faint part of the catalogue. The selection threshold of variable stars has been calibrated to minimize false alarm rate. Reliable results were thus obtained for stars as faint as 11 mag. One thousand and ninety-one suspected variable stars have been listed, 407 of which are already known in Hipparcos, GCVS or NSV, and 684 of which are suspected variable stars to be identified soon.

Abstract. We present results based on a 6 year survey of a solar vicinity M-dwarf sample. We have obtained their multiplicity rate and orbital elements for the binaries. Such results could give us keys for a better understanding of stellar formation.