The properties of two dimensional (2D) materials depend strongly on the chemical and electrochemical activity of their surfaces. MXene, one of the most recent additions to 2D materials, shows great promise as an energy storage material. In the present investigation, the chemical and structural properties of individual Ti 3 C 2 MXene sheets with associated surface groups are investigated at the atomic level by aberration corrected STEM-EELS. The MXene sheets are shown to exhibit a non-uniform coverage of O-based surface groups which locally affect the chemistry. Additionally, native point defects which are proposed to affect the local surface chemistry, such as oxidized titanium adatoms (TiO x ), are identified and found to be mobile. * To whom correspondence should be addressed † Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, SE-581 83 Linköping, Sweden The latter originate from the MAX phases, consisting of a transition metal (M), an Agroup (A) element and C or N (X). 4 The significance of the MAX phases stems from their laminated structure, where M n+1 X n sheets are interleaved with atomically thin A layers. 5,6The M-X bonds consist of a mixture of covalent, metallic, and ionic bonds 6 making MXene exceptionally strong and hence appealing for new applications. 6-8MXenes are synthesized from the MAX phases by removal of A-layers through chemical etching, resulting in stand-alone 2D sheets. 5,6,8,9 is crucial to advance the understanding of MXenes. Here, we investigate the structural properties of single, double and multiple sheets of Ti 3 C 2 T x with attached surface groups by atomic-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The elemental and chemical properties were further investigated by electron energy loss spectroscopy spectrum imaging (EELS SI). Through these methods we identify the atomic structure of the MXene sheets as well as intrinsic defects, surface and edge terminations by the partial coverage of surface groups. We also report on the mobility and migration of intrinsic defects and surface groups.Ti 3 C 2 T x powder was produced from Ti 3 AlC 2 which was prepared by ball-milling Ti 2 AlC (> 92 wt%, 3-ONE-2, Voorhees, NJ) and TiC (99 %, Johnson Matthey Electronic, NY) powders in a 1:1 molar ratio for 24 h using zirconia balls. The mixture was annealed at 1350• C for 2 h in argon. The sintered compact was converted to a powder by milling. Ti 3 C 2 MXene powder was prepared by immersing 2.5 g of < 400 mesh Ti 3 AlC 2 powder in 1 M of NH 4 HF 2 (Sigma Aldrich, USA) solution for 5 days. After treatment the suspension was washed several times using deionized water and centrifuged to separate the settled powder from the supernatant. The settled powders were removed from vials using ethanol and dried at room temperature. TEM samples were prepared by crushing the powder in a mortar and 3 dispersing the powder on a holey carbon Cu TEM-grid, followed by immediately insertion into the TEM.Characterization was performed using the Linköping double corrected FE...
The origin of the anomalous, 400% increase of the piezoelectric coefficient in Sc(x)Al(1-x)N alloys is revealed. Quantum mechanical calculations show that the effect is intrinsic. It comes from a strong change in the response of the internal atomic coordinates to strain and pronounced softening of C33 elastic constant. The underlying mechanism is the flattening of the energy landscape due to a competition between the parent wurtzite and the so far experimentally unknown hexagonal phases of the alloy. Our observation provides a route for the design of materials with high piezoelectric response.
Due to the very limited availability of B 4 C targets in an Ar discharge, using an industrial deposition system. The films were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, elastic recoil detection analysis, x-ray reflectivity, and neutron radiography. We show that the film-substrate adhesion and film purity are improved by increased substrate temperature and deposition rate. A deposition rate of 3.8 Å /s and substrate temperature of 400 C result in films with a density close to bulk values and good adhesion to film thickness above 3 lm. Boron-10 contents of almost 80 at. % are obtained in 6.3 m 2 of 1 lm thick 10 B 4 C thin films coated on Al-blades. Initial neutron absorption measurements agree with Monte Carlo simulations and show that the layer thickness, number of layers, neutron wavelength, and amount of impurities are determining factors. The study also shows the importance of having uniform layer thicknesses over large areas, which for a full-scale detector could be in total $1000 m
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