The Reinga Basin northwest of the North Island of New Zealand was initially formed by crustal extension in Cretaceous time. Gravity models suggest up to 35-40% crustal thinning. The seismic stratigraphy of the basin is continuous with that of the offshore western North Island, where reflectors are well constrained by oil exploration data. In the Reinga Basin, there are two Cretaceous sequences above an older Mesozoic basement. The lower sequence is apparently terrestrial and may include both pre-rift and synrift subsequences; the upper is a rift-filling marine sequence. These are overlain by Paleocene and Eocene blanket sequences that were laid down during a period of relative tectonic quiescence consistent with cooling subsidence, continued submergence, a northeast-facing continental shelf, and absence of a significant active plate boundary. A strong regional reflector, caused by a combined unconformity and G97011Received 13 February 1997; accepted 14 August 1997 Oligocene condensed sequence, separates the Paleogene and Neogene sequences.The Neogene sequences record sedimentary infill from several source directions, not only from the New Zealand landmass, but from the north and west as well. Near the Northland coast, sediment accumulated in clastic wedges and ponded sub-basins from the Miocene to the present day. Along the flanking ridges to the northwest, similar deposition occurred in the Early and Middle Miocene but changed in the Late Miocene to sedimentation in drifts flanked by scours. This change reflects the end of tectonism, a diminishing clastic sediment supply, and the establishment of a throughgoing oceanic current regime as the marginal ridges submerged. This pattern of sedimentation persists today.Post-Cretaceous volcanism occurred in two parts of the basin. In the central southeastern part, volcanic bodies in the ?Oligocene to Early Miocene sequences could be a northwestern extension of the Northland volcanic arc. In the western part, small intrusive and extrusive bodies appear to be of Pliocene intraplate origin.Compression (or transpression) had an important role in developing the basin's present form. Miocene compressional structures-asymmetric anticlines, reverse faults, everted basins, and pop-ups-are present everywhere but at the southeastern end. The present marginal ridges have structurally complex origins. The Reinga Ridge which forms the northeastern margin is a transform boundary with the Norfolk backarc basin. Deformation thought to be caused by the action of the transform is recorded in folded and faulted Cretaceous-Paleogene sequences and syntectonic Early and Middle Miocene sequences along its length. The southwestern margin of the basin is a double ridge comprising the Wanganella Ridge, an early Middle to early Late Miocene, compressional uplift, and the older, eroded West Norfolk Ridge, which contains Cretaceous halfgrabens. The northern half of the Wanganella Ridge is an everted ?Oligocene to Early Miocene aulacogen in which slivers of basement rock were thrust up alo...

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The Late Cretaceous Rakopi Formation (Pakawau Group) represents one of the most important petroleum source rock units and a potential reservoir unit in the highly prospective Taranaki Basin. This paper presents a predominantly outcrop-based study of the sedimentology, petrography, stratigraphy, and depositional environment of the Rakopi Formation in the Paturau River and Pakawau areas of northwest Nelson, southern Taranaki Basin, together with some preliminary insights into the stratigraphie architecture of the Pakawau Group on a more basin-wide scale.The Rakopi Formation is interpreted here as a terrestrial deposit, representing sedimentation in fluvial channels and their associated overbank and levee environments. However, the presence of dinoflagellates, glauconite, and elevated coal seam sulfur contents is evidence for periodic marine influence during deposition. This could be explained by a low-gradient coastal plain paleogeography, crossed by a series of rivers and their associated floodplain deposits, episodically inundated by marine incursions during successive transgressions. A modern analogue setting from the present-day Hauraki Graben, North Island, New Zealand, indicates that marine influence within coastal plain systems can extend several tens of kilometres inland. Given such a physiography, relatively small increases in relative sea level could potentially move the shoreline several kilometres or tens of kilometres farther inland, sufficient to introduce the type of marine influence on sedimentation that we suggest for the Rakopi Formation.The results from this study suggest a greater marine influence within the Rakopi Formation, northward into the greater Taranaki Basin, than has previously been recognised. This raises the possibility of both different reservoir facies as well as potentially a greater proportion of marine mudstones, which would have implications for both reservoir and trapping of hydrocarbons. In addition, marine-influenced coaly rocks within the Rakopi Formation are expected to have greater petroleum generative potentials and to be more oil-prone than their fully non-marine counterparts.

The Pongaroa-Akitio area,

Terrestrial pollen and spores in late Maastrichtian to early Paleocene marine strata at mid-Waipara, New Zealand, permit reconstruction of contemporary vegetation and paleoclimates. During the latest Cretaceous, spore-pollen assemblages reflect a temperate rainforest with a prominent podocarp and tree ferns component, angiosperm pollen being mainly represented by Nothofagus and Proteaceae. Disruption of the vegetation at the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary is recorded by an increase in fern spores, reduction in gymnosperm pollen, and temporary loss of angiosperm pollen both in mid Waipara and in the terrestrial sections of Moody Creek Mine and Compressor Creek. Following an interval of fern dominance, gymnosperms and later angiosperms return to the palynological record. The floral turnover at the K/T boundary is comparable to palynological records from North America and Japan, indicating that disruption of vegetation was global. Fern dominance is estimated to have lasted several thousands of years, based on foraminiferal biostratigraphy of immediate post-K/T boundary strata. This is orders of magnitude greater than seen in normal seral successions following deforestation. We suggest that the observed vegetation succession is due to a prolonged period of low ambient light levels, sufficient for photosynthesis but favouring plants already adapted to these levels (such as forest ground stratum), accompanied by a moderate temperature and moisture regime.

A new genus and species, Fouldenia staminosa, are proposed for an angiosperm flower with associated pollen bearing anthers found in Early Miocene finely laminated lacustrine diatomite at Foulden Hills, Otago. This is the first New Zealand record of a Miocene flower with in situ pollen and among few such records worldwide. The pollen is closely similar to Rubipollis oblatus, of unknown affinity, known from Late Oligocene to Early Miocene strata elsewhere in New Zealand and Australia, but differs in being spheroidal to subprolate. In spite of the relatively good preservation of both the flower and its pollen it has not been possible to assign this species to an extant genus or even family. The highly diverse angiosperm pollen flora from the same bedding plane in the diatomite indicates that Fouldenia grew in a dry, warm temperate to subtropical climate.

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