Neonicotinoid insecticides are used against the wide range of pests to protect plants. The influence of neonicotinoids on target and non-target insects is well understood. Hence, there are controversial opinions about the effect of neonicotinoids on the plants. We investigated pigments and photosynthetic primary reactions in two maize genotypes (the inbred line zppl 225 and hybrid zp 341) under thiamethoxam (TMX) treatment by root irrigation. It was found that the effect of TMX depended on pesticide application techniques and selection of maize genotype. TMX was added to the soil by root irrigation on the 4th and 8th days after planting, and photosynthetic characteristics monitored on the 10th and 12th days after planting. The primary photochemical reactions in PSII (Fv/Fm) of both maize genotypes were not affected under two variants of TMX treatment during all growing period. The hybrid zp341 was shown to be more susceptible to both TMX treatments, demonstrating a decrease in photosynthetic characteristics (JIP-test parameters) as well as changes in the content of pigments and in the conformation of the carotenoid molecule. Our findings suggest that the combination of fluorescence method and Raman spectroscopy is a perspective tool for monitoring plant state under pesticide application.
Interest in the industrial production of plant and microalgal biomass for biofuels and bioproducts has stimulated studies on microalgal physiology and mechanisms of valuable biomolecules synthesis and accumulation in algal cells. One of the most investigated biomolecules for commercial application are neutral lipids and carotenoids. However, until now the mechanism of the influence of different ambient factors, including application of inductors, on biosynthesis and accumulation of these molecules is not well understood. Partially, the lack of such knowledge is due to restricted technique of investigation. Raman Spectroscopy is one of the advanced methods of cell physiology investigation, which can fill some gaps in our understanding of such processes. The current techniques used in the papers presented show the advantages and other essential specifics of the method applied to plants (most importantly, microalgae) and other species/objects. It was found that the use of a substrate allows to enhance the Raman signal when diluting the sample by 105--106 times, at a substance concentration of 10--9 mol/l. In SERS conditions (i.e., mixing silver colloids to blood sample) hem markers show up, while in normal Raman conditions resonance enhancement allows direct observation of β-carotene features. This highlights the versatility of Raman technique and the prospects for biology and clinical chemistry
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