Objectives of this study were to compare fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue of entire boars, barrows, and male pigs vaccinated against boar taint with a vaccine containing a GnRH analogue-protein conjugate (Improvac, Pfizer Animal Health) and to investigate the association between fatty acid composition and protein expression of key lipogenic enzymes in entire boars, barrows, and vaccinated pigs. Differences between groups were observed in the content of total SFA (P≤0.001), MUFA (P=0.035), and n-6 PUFA (P≤0.001) but not n-3 PUFA (P=0.373). Total SFA were greater (P<0.001) in barrows and vaccinated pigs compared with entire animals. This was accompanied by an increase (P<0.05) in the protein expression of the lipogenic enzyme fatty acid synthase in barrows and vaccinated pigs. Total MUFA content was increased (P<0.001) in barrows compared with entire and vaccinated pigs. This was not accompanied (P>0.05) by an increase in expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase protein, the enzyme catalyzing MUFA biosyntheses. Total n-6 PUFA content did not differ (P<0.001) between entire and vaccinated pigs but was lower in barrows. Expression of Δ6-desaturase protein, one of the key enzymes of PUFA biosynthesis, was greater (P<0.05) in vaccinated pigs than in barrows but did not differ significantly between vaccinated and entire animals. We conclude that fatty acid profile of animals vaccinated against boar taint is similar to that of entire male pigs and that the effect of physical castration and vaccination on fatty acid composition involves changes in lipogenic enzyme protein expression.
Most of the preceding information has dealt with fundamental aspects of nutrition, hormone or enzyme changes in a maize of organs in a spectrum of species. This paper deals primarily with intact people with hormones, enzymes, and nutritional elements working in harmony in our patients. Thus what we present will be the result of infinite reactions subject t o infinite variations. Nevertheless the physician's responsibility is to decipher the total response.Thus with temerity we would present very simple metabolic studies of people, men and women, fat and lean. Our interest in this area was prompted by the fact that women (during the child bearing years) partake of food comparable in composition and in similar amounts t o that consumed by men. Somehow these women escape the vascular disease frequently found in the men. Inquiry into differences in the two sexes other than those charming superficialities indicated definite hormonal contrasts but few metabolic differences. Two previous observations were challenging: 1) the historical absence of long term fasts by women; 2) Devel and Gulicks' observation that women are more ketogenic than men during fasting.Examination of the data generally accepted t o support the concept of increased feminine ketogenesis revealed that studies were limited to urine excretion.' This historical set prompted us to do something often considered pass6 in this space age-to repeat the earlier experiments on fasting and obtain blood as well as urine levels of ketones. Men and women, obese and lean were compared in the study. The ketone values of the obese have been published previously* but have been re-analyzed in this study.
MethodFourteen lean subjects, seven men and seven women with normal body weight (within 10 per cent of the accepted norm for the age, sex, and height of the patient) were admitted t o the hospital for this study. The patients were kept a t rest with activity being limited to their hospital room. They were allowed to sit in the chair, go to the bathroom, but otherwise remained at rest. They were allowed water a d lib, tea and/or black coffee unsweetened. Twenty-four hour urine collections were obtained and daily venous blood specimens were taken each morning. The hospital is air conditioned and the temperature maintained a t 72'F. with constant humidity.Total ketones were determined by the method of Bloom3 as modified by Lyon andResults of all ketone determinations were expressed as 623
Acute administration of 1 g L -dopa by mouthproduced a rise in plasma growth hormone in fasting normalsubjects: this effect was not suppressed by intravenous glucoseor by 50 mg chlorpromazine. There was no effect of L-dopaon plasma TSH.Plasma growth hormone was unaffected by L -dopa, oralglucose or chlorpromazine in 6 acromegalic patients.
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