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Design characteristics and performance of a low-temperature multipass White cell are described. The optical pathlength can be varied from 40 m to 2000 m, and absorption measurements can be made under controlled temperature environment between 160 K and ambient temperature. The special feature of its construction, which combines White cell optics for laser applied spectroscopy and accurate temperature control, is that it allows the study of molecular fine structure of many species of both chemical and atmospheric interest. Spectroscopic measurements under conditions in which the temperature of the absorbing species is accurately known and pressure broadening is minimized provide information on molecular fine structure, populations of excited states, line intensities, and transition probabilities.
IntroductionPre-hospital identification of patients with suspected occult traumatic haemorrhage is problematic. Physiological parameters and clinical gestalt are inadequate surrogates for ongoing haemorrhage. Lactate monitoring may hold stronger predictive clinical utility to identify patients with suspected traumatic haemorrhage above other physiological parameters.MethodsA single centre, service evaluation of pre-hospital lactate monitoring. A point of care test was introduced into a Helicopter Emergency Medical Service in the United Kingdom. Clinicians adhered to strict education and governance, supported by standard operating procedure. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and shock index (SI) was measured in patients that received pre-hospital transfusion therapy. A predetermined ‘cut off’ value of lactate >2.5 mmol was acknowledged. In-hospital follow up established further transfusion therapy.ResultsWilcoxon rank sum compared pre-lactate (n=22) and post-lactate (n=6) groups. Monte Carlo permutations were used to obtain exact probabilities. No statistically significant differences were found between groups for: SBP, p=0.955; and, SI, p=0.401. Univariate logistic regression identified the odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) for each continuous variable as: SBP, 0.97 (CI 0.94 to 1.01); SI, 26.91 (CI 1.11 to 652.48) and lactate >2.5 mmol, 2.33 (CI 0.23 to 23.91). Multivariate logistic regression identified OR as: SBP, 0.99 (CI 0.95 to 1.04); SI, 22.98 (CI 0.56 to 946.44); and lactate >2.5 mmol, 3.05 (CI 0.14 to 65.86).ConclusionLactate monitoring has been successfully introduced into an enhanced care service. The Results confirm SBP is not predictive of further transfusion. The OR for SI shows greater predictive power. Limited by a small dataset, the Results are hypothesis-generating only.
The need for improved means of beam attenuation in uv optical damage experiments has led to the development of a new reflective attenuator using conventional multilayer dielectric optics. The device has low insertion loss even for unpolarized beams, high damage resistance, continuously variable attenuation, and a large clear aperture. Also discussed is a transmissive version of this device which uses standard reflectors or edge filters. Either version lends itself well to computer automation.
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