A study has been made of the rate of formation of estolides from castor oil fatty acids and of their decomposition at different temps. Estolide formation appears to be optimum at the end of 5 hr at about 220C, beyond which estolides start decomposing, giving rise to DC0 fatty acids. At about 300C, estolide decomposition is complete within an hour.During estolide formation there is a linear increase in optical rotation which again decreases linearly, although at a different rate, during estolide decomposition. At optimum estolide formation, the optical rotation is as high as 25.5.
Summary Methyl esters of castor oil were prepared by saponifying the oil with potassium hydroxide in methanol, splitting the potassium soapsin situ with an excess of hydrochloric acid, and esterifying at room temperature. The esters had hydroxyl values comparable with those of the parent oils. The methyl esters were quantitatively resolved into hydroxy and nonhydroxy esters after reacting with succinic anhydride in toluene. The composition of castor oil was calculated from a) amount of nonhydroxy esters, b) methyl linoleate content of methyl esters determined spectro‐photometrically, c) iodine value of the methyl esters determined by the Wijs method at 15–20°C., and d) iodine value of the nonhydroxy esters determined by the Woburn method. This composition was confirmed by the estimation of saturated acids in one sample and dihydroxystearic acid in all. Castor oil was readly hydrogenated with Raney nickel in alcohol at room temperature (30–33°C.) without any hydrogenolysis of the hydroxyl groups. Methyl dihydroxystearate content of the methyl esters of this hydrogenated oil was determined by reaction with 80–100% excess periodic acid at 15–20°C.
Purpose The goal of this RCT was to examine the efficacy and safety of a web-based program to improve cardiovascular and bone health outcomes, among 35 BRCA1/2+ breast cancer survivors who underwent prophylactic oophorectomy and thus, experienced premature surgical menopause. Methods A 12-month commercially available web-based lifestyle modification program (Precision Nutrition Coaching) was utilized. Cardiovascular fitness, dietary intake, leisure-time activity, body composition, bone mineral density, bone structure, and muscle strength were assessed. Results Average adherence to all program components was 74.8%. Women in the intervention group maintained their cardiovascular fitness level over the 12 months (1.1 ± 7.9%), while the control group significantly decreased fitness capacity (−4.0 ± 7.5%). There was a significant difference between groups in percent change of whole body bone area (−0.8 ± 2.5 control and 0.5 ± 1.30 intervention). We also observed decreased BMI (−4.7 ± 6.2%) and fat mass (−8.6 ± 12.7%) in the intervention group due to significant concomitant decreases in caloric intake and increases in caloric expenditure. The control group demonstrated decreased caloric intake, and decreased lean tissue mass. Conclusions In this population at high risk for detrimental cardiovascular and bone outcomes, a commercially available lifestyle intervention program mitigated a decline in cardiovascular health, improved bone health, and decreased weight through fat loss. Implications for Cancer Survivors Precision Nutrition Coaching has shown benefit in breast cancer survivors for reduced risk of deleterious cardiovascular and bone outcomes.
Summary Products of low iodine value (<10.0) and hydroxyl value (35–40) can be readily obtained by hydrogenating castor oil at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures of the order of 220°, using 1.0% Raney nickel. Dehydration of ricinoleic acid and subsequent hydrogenation of the resulting double bond as also simple saturation of ricinoleic acid are the main reactions occurring during the hydrogenation of castor oil under ordinary conditions. Increase in the amount of catalyst favors more the hydrogenation of double bond at lower temperatures and both dehydration and hydrogenation at about 220°, which seems to be the optimum temperature for the maximum conversion of ricinoleic acid into nonhydroxy acids with both Raney and dryreduced nickel at atmospheric pressures. Higher proportions of catalyst, addition of catalyst stepwise, and higher temperature of hydrogenation cause considerable splitting and estolide formation. When hydrogenation is carried out at room temperature, under a pressure of 40 p.s.i. with alcohol as solvent, a product rich in monohydroxy stearic acid is obtained. True unsaturation of hydrogenated castor oil is measured by the Wijs method at 15–20°C.
Aim:The objective of this study was to assist individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) better manage blood glucose control using food. Given that white rice is a commonly consumed staple food for Asian cultures, the aim of this study was to develop a nutritious and easy-to-prepare alternative meal using culturally tailored ingredients. Methods: A 'rice mix' comprising 60% white rice and 40% a mix of legumes, nuts and seeds was developed. Eighty-one participants of Asian ethnicity and with T2D were screened with 13 subjects randomised and given the rice mix or white rice (control) as an evening meal. Blood glucose responses were compared between meals and to the American Diabetes Association guidelines together with responses to satiety and desire-to-eat questions. Results: Over a 3-hour period following consumption, blood glucose concentrations were 21% (95% CI: 6, 36) lower for the rice mix compared with white rice (P < 0.001). The mean length of time that blood glucose exceeded 10 mmol/L was 30 minutes (95% CI: 6, 54) less; and the maximum glycaemic increment above 10 mmol/L was 1.4 mmol/L (95% CI: 0.3, 2.5) less; for the rice mix compared with the white rice. There was no effect on appetite as satiety was not different between meals, although there was a lesser desire to eat fatty foods after consuming the rice mix (P = 0.02). Conclusions:The rice mix as an alternative to white rice could be a practical self-help approach to improve blood glucose control in people with T2D. Using education and culturally tailored ingredients may help overcome barriers to dietary change.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.