Recombinant virus RAV 9395 was constructed by deleting both copies of the gamma(1)34.5 gene, and the UL55 and UL56 open reading frames from herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) strain G. The potential use of RAV 9395 as an HSV-2 vaccine was investigated by evaluating the ability of RAV 9395 to protect guinea pigs from severe disease by HSV-2(G) challenge. RAV 9395 administered intramuscularly reduced both lesion development and severity in a dose-dependent manner in guinea pigs challenged with HSV-2(G). The frequency of reactivation of RAV 9395 from explanted dorsal root ganglia was low compared with that of HSV-2(G). Immunization with RAV 9395 at doses of 1 x 10(5) pfu and above generally precluded the establishment of latency by the challenge virus. The results presented in this report lend support for the development of genetically engineered live HSV vaccines.
There is continuing speculation about the impact of the law clerks' recommendations on the case selection process of the U. S. Supreme Court. Until recently, the unavailability of consistent information on both the clerks' recommendations and the justices' case selection votes precluded any empirical analysis. This study uses information gathered from the justices' private papers to compare the recommendations of Chief Justice Vinson's clerks with the certiorari votes cast by the justices during the Vinson era. The analyses of these recommendations and votes show that Vinson's clerks were trying to anticipate the chief justice's votes but that they displayed a liberal orientation during the first part of Vinson's tenure. During the second part of the Vinson era, when the Court had a more conservative membership, there is no indication of a liberal orientation in the clerks' recommendations.How does the United States Supreme Court decide which petitions for certiorari (hereafter cert) to grant? In recent years, a number of scholars have attempted to answer this question (for a summary of this research, see Baum 1989, 95-104), but no one has conducted an empirical analysis of the law clerks' influence on cert decisions. Yet before voting on petitions, the justices read cert memoranda, which are prepared by the law clerks and end with recommendations of &dquo;grant&dquo; or &dquo;deny.&dquo; Are the justices influenced by these recommendations?Influence is difficult to detect or measure. Agreement between a justice's votes and the law clerks' recommendations does not prove that the justice is being influenced; the law clerks might be merely following the guidelines established by the justice. In other words, the justice might be influencing the law clerks' recommendations instead of the converse.
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